Anesthetic effects of ketamine-guaifenesin and isoflurane anesthesia for diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy in buffaloes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56825/bufbu.2022.4123012Keywords:
Bubalus bubalis, buffaloes, diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy, ketamine, guaifenesin, double drip, isofluraneAbstract
The study was undertaken on twelve buffaloes weighing 313 to 442 kg and age between 4 to 9 years to evaluate double drip of ketamine-guaifenesin and isoflurane anaesthesia for diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy. In Group I and II animals, anesthesia was induced with double drip of ketamine-guaifenesin (1000 mg of ketamine, 25 gm of guaifenesin in 500 ml Dextrose 5% solution) 1.5 ml/kg body weight. Double drip 2.5 mL/kg/h in Group I and 2 % isoflurane in Group II was used for maintenance of anaesthesia. In both the groups, quality of induction of anaesthesia was good to excellent. The quality of maintenance was assessed by analgesia, muscle relaxation, corneal reflexes, palpebral reflexes, and position of eyeball. Four animals in each group showed excellent muscle relaxation and two animals showed good muscle relaxation during the observation period. Analgesia was excellent in both the groups. In Group I three animals showed smooth and fast recovery whereas smooth and prolonged in rest of the animals. In Group II, all the animals showed smooth and fast recovery. The combination was found suitable for diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy in buffaloes.
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Araujo, M.A., B.P. Dias, F. Bovino, M. Deschk, C.J. Abimussi, V.N. Oliva, C.A. Rodrigues and P.S. Santos. 2014. Cardiovascular effects of a continuous rate infusion of lidocaine in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine and isoflurane. Vet. Anaesth. Analg., 41(2): 145-152. DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12102
Abrahamsen, E.J. 2008. Ruminant field anesthesia. Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food A., 24(3): 429-441. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.07.001
Bodh, D., K. Singh, A. Gopinathan, J. Mohindroo and N.S. Saini. 2014. Comparative evaluation of halothane and isoflurane maintenance anesthesia in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 42(3): 269-277. DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2013.842484
Cantalapiedra, A.G., B. Villanueva and JL. Pereira. 2000. Anaesthetic potency of isoflurane in cattle: determination of the minimum alveolar concentration. Vet. Anaesth. Analg., 27(1): 22-26.
Chandran, J. 2010. Evaluation of acepromazine/xylazine with guaifenesin as preanaesthetic for ketamine induction and isoflurane maintenance in bovine. Thesis of Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.
Davies, T. and S. Jeanna. 1997. Romifidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin continual infusion anaesthesia: Some experiences of its use under field conditions. Equine Vet. Educ., 9(1): 12-16. DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.1997.tb01268.x
Dhawle, R.T. 2018. Comparative evaluation of xylazine-ketamine-guaifenesin and ketamine-guaifenesin anaesthesia for urogenital surgeries in male cattle. Thesis, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, India.
Dzikiti, T.B. 2013. Intravenous anaesthesia in goats: A review. J.S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 84(1): E1-8. DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v84i1.499
Eger, E.I. 1984. The pharmacology of isoflurane. Brit. J. Anaesth., 56(1): 71S-99S.
Gencelep, M., N. Atasoy and A. Tas. 2004. The effects of inhalation anaesthetics (Halothane and isoflurane) on certain clinical and haematological parameters of sheep. Small Ruminant Res., 53(1-2): 157-160. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00336-5
Gnanasekar, R., A.A. Prasad, B.J. William and K. Ameerjan. 2013. Physiological effects of combination of detomidine, ketamine and guaifenesin in calves. Indian Society for Veterinary Surgery, 32(2): 139-140.
Hall, L.W., K.W. Clarke and C.M. Trim. 2001. Veterinary Anesthesia, 10th ed. W.B. Saunders, London, UK. p. 75-141.
Kandpal, M. and A. Kumar. 1998. Ketamine with and without diazepam or detomidine premedication in bovine paediatric patients. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 68(9): 904-906.
Kastner, S.B.R., B.V. Rechenberg, K. Keller and R.B. Wolfensberger. 2001. Comparison of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine as premedication in isoflurane anaesthesia for orthopedic surgery in domestic sheep. J. Vet. Med. A., 48(4): 2231-2241. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00354.x
Kumandas, A. and E. Ertugrul. 2015. Comparison of sevoflurane and isoflurane effects on cardiovascular and respiratory system during spontaneous ventilation in Angora goats. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 39: 501-506. Available on: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/134206
Kumar, A., A. Kumar, S. Singh and R.N. Chaudhary. 2014a. Evaluation of midazolam ketamine as an anaesthetic combination in buffalo calves. Haryana Veterinarian, 53(2): 117-120. Available on: https://www.luvas.edu.in/haryana-veterinarian/download/harvet-Dec2014/10.pdf
Kumar, A., A. Kumar, R. Nazar, and R.N. Chaudhary. 2014b. Evaluation of diazepam-ketamine as anesthetic combination in buffalo calves. Haryana Veterinarian, 53(1): 58-62. Available on: https://www.luvas.edu.in/haryana-veterinarian/download/harvet2014/13.pdf
Kumar, R., P. Kinjavdekar, Amarpal, H.P. Aithal, A.M. Pawde, A. Kumar, J. Singh, S. Khattri and D.N. Madhu. 2014c. Clinicophysiological, haematobiochemical and haemodynamic effect of propofol and ketamine with dexmedetomidine in urolithic goats. Vet. World, 7(8): 566-573. 10.14202/vetworld.2014.566-573
Lin, H.C. and P. Walz. 2014. Injectable anesthetics. In Chapter 4, Farm Animal Anesthesia: Cattle, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Pigs, 1st ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New Jersey, USA. p. 68.
Lokesh, P., A. Kumar, Yadav, A. Kumar, R. Tayal, R. Yadav and P. Kumar. 2018. Behavioural and sedative study in buffaloes suffering from diaphragmatic hernia treated with various Nsaids. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(12): 665-675. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.083
Malik, V., P. Kinjavdekar, Amarpal and H.P. Aithal. 2012. Comparison of ketamine and propofol as maintenance agent for continuous intravenous infusion anaesthesia in water buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 82(10): 1156-1162.
Ninu, A.R., R. Tayal, A. Kumar, S.M. Behl and S.K. Chawla. 2015. Comparison of thiopentone and ketamine as induction and maintenance agents in buffaloes undergoing diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 43(4): 462-467. DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.980421
Offinger, J., H. Meyer, J. Fischer, S.B.R. Kastner, M. Piechotta and R.J. Juergen. 2012. Comparison of isoflurane inhalation anaesthesia, injection anaesthesia and high volume caudal epidural anaesthesia for umbilical surgery in calves, metabolic, endocrine and cardiopulmonary effects. Vet. Anaesth Analg., 39(2): 123-136. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00698.x
Pal, C.V., A. Kumar, S. Potliya, S. Kumar and S. Singh. 2016a. Evaluation of acepromazine-ketamine anaesthesia in buffalo calves. Haryana Veterinarian, 55(1): 76-79. Available on: https://www.luvas.edu.in/haryana-veterinarian/download/harvet2016/19.pdf
Pathak, S.C., J.M. Nigam, P.K. Peshin and A.P. Singh. 1982. Anesthetic and hemodynamic effects of ketamine hydrochloride in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Am. J. Vet. Res., 43(5): 875-878.
Quevedo, D.A.Q. and C.A.D. Bolanos. 2017. Comparison of two injectable anesthetic combinations used to perform midline laparotomy for embryo recovery in Colombian creole ewes. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, 2017(33): 83-92. DOI: 10.19052/mv.4056.
Riazuddin, M., B.J. William and K. Ameerjan. 2004. Studies on halothane-isoflurane anaesthesia in dorsal and lateral recumbency in cattle. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery, 25(2): 75-76.
Riebold, T.W. 1996. Ruminants, p. 610-626. In Thurmon, J.C., W.J. Tranquill and G.J. Benson (eds.) Lumb and Jones’ Veterinary Anesthesia, 3rd ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, USA.
Reibald, T.W. 2007. Ruminants, p. 740. In Tranquilli, W.J., J.C. Thurmon and K.A. Grimm (eds.) Lumb and Jones’ Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 4th ed. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., USA.
Ringer, S.K., K. Kalchofner, J. Boller, Anton Furst, Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger. 2007. A clinical comparison of two anaesthetic protocols using lidocaine or medetomidine in horses. Vet. Anaesth. Analg., 34(4): 257-268. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00321.x
Rings, D.M. and W.W. Muir. 1982. Cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular xylazine-ketamine in calves, Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. S., 46(4): 386-389.
Riviere, E.J. and M.G. Papich. 2009. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 9th ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Rugh, K.S., G.M. Zinn, J.A. Paterson and J.G. Thome. 1985. Inhalant anaesthetics in adult cattle. Lab. Anim. Sci., 35(2): 178-181.
Sarma, B. and A. Kumar. 1998. Clinical and cardiopulmonary effects of atropinediazepam-ketamine with and without guaifenesin in calves suffering from acute renal failure. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 68(9): 901-903.
Singh, A.P., I. Singh, K. Peshin, S. Gahlawaptr, E. Ingha and J.M. Nigam. 1985. Evaluation of xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Zbl. Vet. Med. A., 32(1): 54-58. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1985.tb01914.x
Singh, G.D. 2011. Comparative evaluation of halothane and isoflurane inhalation anesthesia in buffaloes. Ph.D. Thesis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Singh, G.D., P. Kinjavdekar, Amarpal, H.P. Aithal, A.M. Pawde, M.M.S. Zama, J. Singh and R. Tiwary. 2013. Clinicophysiological and haemodynamic effects of fentanyl with xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anaesthetised water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). J. S. Afr.Vet. Assoc., 84(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v84i1.67
Singh, J. 2013. Evaluation of isoflurane anaesthesia in premedicated buffaloes. Ph.D. Thesis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Singh, J., V.K. Sobti, R.N. Kohli, V.R. Kumar and A.K. Khanna. 1981. Evaluation of glycerol guaiacolate as a muscle relaxant in buffalo calves. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaermedizin, 28(1): 60-69. DOI: 101111/j.1439-0442.1981.tb01163.x
Singh, K., S.N. Sharma and V.K. Sobti. 1990. Clinical evaluation of diazepamglyceryl guaicolate-ketamine anesthesia for bone surg in calves. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery, 11(1): 1-5.
Singh, M.B. 2014. Effect of dobutamine and epinephrine for maintenance of cardiovascular parameters in bovine subjected to general anaesthesia. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Punjab, India.
Singh, S., K. Singh, A. Kumar, J. Singh, S. Singh and P.K. Peshin. 2011. Evaluation of atropine-acepromazine-xylazine-ketamine combination for general anaesthesia in buffalo calves. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery, 32(2): 99-102.
Snedecor, G.W. and W.G. Cochran. 1994. Statistical Methods, 8th ed. East West Press, New Delhi, India. p. 254-268.
Stegmann, G.F. 1998. Observations on the use of midazolam for sedation, and induction of anaesthesia with midazolam in combination with ketamine in the goat. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 69(3): 89-92. DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v69i3.823
Stegmann, G.F. 2004. Midazolam/ketamine induction and isoflurane maintenance of anaesthesia in a 2-month-old, hand-raised African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 75(1): 43-44. DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v75i1.448
Tadmor, S., N. Marcus, E. Eting. 1979. The use of ketamine hydrochloride for endotracheal intubation in cattle. Aust. Vet. J., 55(11): 537-538. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb07025.x
Thangadurai, R., N. Rajendran, S. Dharmaceelan, K. Nanjappan, S. Kathirvel and S. Senthilkumar. 2016. Cardiopulmonary changes during isoflurane anaesthesia with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) for thoracotomy in cattle. Indian Vet. J., 93(1): 33-35.
Vettorato, E., G. Schoffmann, J.G. Burke, A.J.N. Gibson and E.R. Clutton. 2012. Clinical effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane in lambs. Vet. Anaesth. Analg., 39(5): 495-502. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00718.x
Abrahamsen, E.J. 2008. Ruminant field anesthesia. Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food A., 24(3): 429-441. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.07.001
Bodh, D., K. Singh, A. Gopinathan, J. Mohindroo and N.S. Saini. 2014. Comparative evaluation of halothane and isoflurane maintenance anesthesia in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 42(3): 269-277. DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2013.842484
Cantalapiedra, A.G., B. Villanueva and JL. Pereira. 2000. Anaesthetic potency of isoflurane in cattle: determination of the minimum alveolar concentration. Vet. Anaesth. Analg., 27(1): 22-26.
Chandran, J. 2010. Evaluation of acepromazine/xylazine with guaifenesin as preanaesthetic for ketamine induction and isoflurane maintenance in bovine. Thesis of Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.
Davies, T. and S. Jeanna. 1997. Romifidine, ketamine and guaiphenesin continual infusion anaesthesia: Some experiences of its use under field conditions. Equine Vet. Educ., 9(1): 12-16. DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.1997.tb01268.x
Dhawle, R.T. 2018. Comparative evaluation of xylazine-ketamine-guaifenesin and ketamine-guaifenesin anaesthesia for urogenital surgeries in male cattle. Thesis, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, India.
Dzikiti, T.B. 2013. Intravenous anaesthesia in goats: A review. J.S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 84(1): E1-8. DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v84i1.499
Eger, E.I. 1984. The pharmacology of isoflurane. Brit. J. Anaesth., 56(1): 71S-99S.
Gencelep, M., N. Atasoy and A. Tas. 2004. The effects of inhalation anaesthetics (Halothane and isoflurane) on certain clinical and haematological parameters of sheep. Small Ruminant Res., 53(1-2): 157-160. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00336-5
Gnanasekar, R., A.A. Prasad, B.J. William and K. Ameerjan. 2013. Physiological effects of combination of detomidine, ketamine and guaifenesin in calves. Indian Society for Veterinary Surgery, 32(2): 139-140.
Hall, L.W., K.W. Clarke and C.M. Trim. 2001. Veterinary Anesthesia, 10th ed. W.B. Saunders, London, UK. p. 75-141.
Kandpal, M. and A. Kumar. 1998. Ketamine with and without diazepam or detomidine premedication in bovine paediatric patients. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 68(9): 904-906.
Kastner, S.B.R., B.V. Rechenberg, K. Keller and R.B. Wolfensberger. 2001. Comparison of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine as premedication in isoflurane anaesthesia for orthopedic surgery in domestic sheep. J. Vet. Med. A., 48(4): 2231-2241. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2001.00354.x
Kumandas, A. and E. Ertugrul. 2015. Comparison of sevoflurane and isoflurane effects on cardiovascular and respiratory system during spontaneous ventilation in Angora goats. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 39: 501-506. Available on: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/134206
Kumar, A., A. Kumar, S. Singh and R.N. Chaudhary. 2014a. Evaluation of midazolam ketamine as an anaesthetic combination in buffalo calves. Haryana Veterinarian, 53(2): 117-120. Available on: https://www.luvas.edu.in/haryana-veterinarian/download/harvet-Dec2014/10.pdf
Kumar, A., A. Kumar, R. Nazar, and R.N. Chaudhary. 2014b. Evaluation of diazepam-ketamine as anesthetic combination in buffalo calves. Haryana Veterinarian, 53(1): 58-62. Available on: https://www.luvas.edu.in/haryana-veterinarian/download/harvet2014/13.pdf
Kumar, R., P. Kinjavdekar, Amarpal, H.P. Aithal, A.M. Pawde, A. Kumar, J. Singh, S. Khattri and D.N. Madhu. 2014c. Clinicophysiological, haematobiochemical and haemodynamic effect of propofol and ketamine with dexmedetomidine in urolithic goats. Vet. World, 7(8): 566-573. 10.14202/vetworld.2014.566-573
Lin, H.C. and P. Walz. 2014. Injectable anesthetics. In Chapter 4, Farm Animal Anesthesia: Cattle, Small Ruminants, Camelids, and Pigs, 1st ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New Jersey, USA. p. 68.
Lokesh, P., A. Kumar, Yadav, A. Kumar, R. Tayal, R. Yadav and P. Kumar. 2018. Behavioural and sedative study in buffaloes suffering from diaphragmatic hernia treated with various Nsaids. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(12): 665-675. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.083
Malik, V., P. Kinjavdekar, Amarpal and H.P. Aithal. 2012. Comparison of ketamine and propofol as maintenance agent for continuous intravenous infusion anaesthesia in water buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 82(10): 1156-1162.
Ninu, A.R., R. Tayal, A. Kumar, S.M. Behl and S.K. Chawla. 2015. Comparison of thiopentone and ketamine as induction and maintenance agents in buffaloes undergoing diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 43(4): 462-467. DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.980421
Offinger, J., H. Meyer, J. Fischer, S.B.R. Kastner, M. Piechotta and R.J. Juergen. 2012. Comparison of isoflurane inhalation anaesthesia, injection anaesthesia and high volume caudal epidural anaesthesia for umbilical surgery in calves, metabolic, endocrine and cardiopulmonary effects. Vet. Anaesth Analg., 39(2): 123-136. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00698.x
Pal, C.V., A. Kumar, S. Potliya, S. Kumar and S. Singh. 2016a. Evaluation of acepromazine-ketamine anaesthesia in buffalo calves. Haryana Veterinarian, 55(1): 76-79. Available on: https://www.luvas.edu.in/haryana-veterinarian/download/harvet2016/19.pdf
Pathak, S.C., J.M. Nigam, P.K. Peshin and A.P. Singh. 1982. Anesthetic and hemodynamic effects of ketamine hydrochloride in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis). Am. J. Vet. Res., 43(5): 875-878.
Quevedo, D.A.Q. and C.A.D. Bolanos. 2017. Comparison of two injectable anesthetic combinations used to perform midline laparotomy for embryo recovery in Colombian creole ewes. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, 2017(33): 83-92. DOI: 10.19052/mv.4056.
Riazuddin, M., B.J. William and K. Ameerjan. 2004. Studies on halothane-isoflurane anaesthesia in dorsal and lateral recumbency in cattle. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery, 25(2): 75-76.
Riebold, T.W. 1996. Ruminants, p. 610-626. In Thurmon, J.C., W.J. Tranquill and G.J. Benson (eds.) Lumb and Jones’ Veterinary Anesthesia, 3rd ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, USA.
Reibald, T.W. 2007. Ruminants, p. 740. In Tranquilli, W.J., J.C. Thurmon and K.A. Grimm (eds.) Lumb and Jones’ Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 4th ed. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., USA.
Ringer, S.K., K. Kalchofner, J. Boller, Anton Furst, Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger. 2007. A clinical comparison of two anaesthetic protocols using lidocaine or medetomidine in horses. Vet. Anaesth. Analg., 34(4): 257-268. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00321.x
Rings, D.M. and W.W. Muir. 1982. Cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular xylazine-ketamine in calves, Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. S., 46(4): 386-389.
Riviere, E.J. and M.G. Papich. 2009. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 9th ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Rugh, K.S., G.M. Zinn, J.A. Paterson and J.G. Thome. 1985. Inhalant anaesthetics in adult cattle. Lab. Anim. Sci., 35(2): 178-181.
Sarma, B. and A. Kumar. 1998. Clinical and cardiopulmonary effects of atropinediazepam-ketamine with and without guaifenesin in calves suffering from acute renal failure. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 68(9): 901-903.
Singh, A.P., I. Singh, K. Peshin, S. Gahlawaptr, E. Ingha and J.M. Nigam. 1985. Evaluation of xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Zbl. Vet. Med. A., 32(1): 54-58. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1985.tb01914.x
Singh, G.D. 2011. Comparative evaluation of halothane and isoflurane inhalation anesthesia in buffaloes. Ph.D. Thesis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Singh, G.D., P. Kinjavdekar, Amarpal, H.P. Aithal, A.M. Pawde, M.M.S. Zama, J. Singh and R. Tiwary. 2013. Clinicophysiological and haemodynamic effects of fentanyl with xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anaesthetised water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). J. S. Afr.Vet. Assoc., 84(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v84i1.67
Singh, J. 2013. Evaluation of isoflurane anaesthesia in premedicated buffaloes. Ph.D. Thesis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Singh, J., V.K. Sobti, R.N. Kohli, V.R. Kumar and A.K. Khanna. 1981. Evaluation of glycerol guaiacolate as a muscle relaxant in buffalo calves. Zentralblatt fuer Veterinaermedizin, 28(1): 60-69. DOI: 101111/j.1439-0442.1981.tb01163.x
Singh, K., S.N. Sharma and V.K. Sobti. 1990. Clinical evaluation of diazepamglyceryl guaicolate-ketamine anesthesia for bone surg in calves. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery, 11(1): 1-5.
Singh, M.B. 2014. Effect of dobutamine and epinephrine for maintenance of cardiovascular parameters in bovine subjected to general anaesthesia. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Punjab, India.
Singh, S., K. Singh, A. Kumar, J. Singh, S. Singh and P.K. Peshin. 2011. Evaluation of atropine-acepromazine-xylazine-ketamine combination for general anaesthesia in buffalo calves. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery, 32(2): 99-102.
Snedecor, G.W. and W.G. Cochran. 1994. Statistical Methods, 8th ed. East West Press, New Delhi, India. p. 254-268.
Stegmann, G.F. 1998. Observations on the use of midazolam for sedation, and induction of anaesthesia with midazolam in combination with ketamine in the goat. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 69(3): 89-92. DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v69i3.823
Stegmann, G.F. 2004. Midazolam/ketamine induction and isoflurane maintenance of anaesthesia in a 2-month-old, hand-raised African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc., 75(1): 43-44. DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v75i1.448
Tadmor, S., N. Marcus, E. Eting. 1979. The use of ketamine hydrochloride for endotracheal intubation in cattle. Aust. Vet. J., 55(11): 537-538. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb07025.x
Thangadurai, R., N. Rajendran, S. Dharmaceelan, K. Nanjappan, S. Kathirvel and S. Senthilkumar. 2016. Cardiopulmonary changes during isoflurane anaesthesia with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) for thoracotomy in cattle. Indian Vet. J., 93(1): 33-35.
Vettorato, E., G. Schoffmann, J.G. Burke, A.J.N. Gibson and E.R. Clutton. 2012. Clinical effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane in lambs. Vet. Anaesth. Analg., 39(5): 495-502. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00718.x
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2022-06-26
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Thavardas, K. T., Sahebrao, P. S., Lakshman, B. C., & Sudhakar, C. K. (2022). Anesthetic effects of ketamine-guaifenesin and isoflurane anesthesia for diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy in buffaloes. Buffalo Bulletin, 41(2), 299–309. https://doi.org/10.56825/bufbu.2022.4123012
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