Oxidative stress indicators during peripartum uterine infection of buffaloes: A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56825/bufbu.2024.4344191Keywords:
Bubalus bubalis, buffaloes, oxidative stress, uterine infections, oxidative stress indicatorAbstract
The transition of dairy animals from the period of pregnancy to next lactation considerably enhances the need for source of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and other nutrients for various metabolic activities. At the same time, the dry matter intake is generally decreased resulting to negative energy balance ultimately compromising the immunity, which leads to oxidative stress as a result of enhanced free radicals in body and makes the animal vulnerable to metabolic as well as infectious diseases. Diseases related to reproductive system especially uterine infections viz. endometritis, metritis during the peri partum period is the most widespread reason of infertility in dairy sector leading to enhancing the interval for uterine involution, occurrence of first oestrus, number of services/ conception and service period. The adverse effects on fertility of animal, health status and the treatment cost prove that uterine infections are considered as one of the most serious and expensive conditions, challenging the buffalo sector. Hence, current researchers aim to find some indicator molecules which will predict the diseases before their onset so that by managemental and nutritional interventions it can be minimised, further animal will suffer less, and better management and welfare will be achieved. The objective of this review article is to discuss about the occurrence of oxidative stress during peripartum period and the physical status of Murrah buffaloes during the said period by assessing the Nitric oxide (NO), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) status.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Baithalu, R.K., S.K. Singh, A. Kumaresan, A.K. Mohanty, T.K. Mohanty, S. Kumar, S. Kerketta, B.R. Maharana, T.K. Patbandha, N. Attupuram and S.K. Agarwal. 2016. Transcriptional abundance of antioxidant enzymes in endometrium and their circulating levels in Zebu cows with and without uterine infection. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 177: 79-87. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.12.008
Beckman, J.S., T.W. Beckman, J. Chen, P.A. Marshall and B.A. Freeman. 1990. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: Implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 87(4): 1620-1624. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.4.1620
Kitchen, B.J., G. Middleton, I.G. Durward, R.J. Andrews and M.C. Salmon. 1980. Mastitis diagnostic tests to estimate mammary gland epithelial cell damage. J. Dairy Sci., 63(6): 978-983. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)83035-9
Bell, A.W. 1995. Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. J. Anim. Sci.,73(9): 2804-2819. DOI: 10.2527/1995.7392804x
Bernabucci, U., B. Ronchi, N. Lacetera and A. Nardone. 2005. Influence of body condition score on relationships between metabolic status and oxidative stress in periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 88(6): 2017-2026. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72878-2
Bernabucci, U., B. Ronchi, N. Lacetera and A. Nardone. 2002. Markers of oxidative status in plasma and erythrocytes of transition dairy cows during hot season. J. Dairy Sci., 85(9): 2173-2179. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74296-3
Beutler, B., K. Hoebe, X. Du and R.J. Ulevitch. 2003. How we detect microbes and respond to them: The toll-like receptors and their transducers. J. Leukocyte Biol., 74(4): 479-485. DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0203082
Biswal, P., S.S. Lathwal and R.K. Baithalu. 2020. Oxidative stress molecules as indicators of uterine health in Murrah buffaloes during peripartum period. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 73(9): 242-245. DOI: 10.33785/IJDS.2020.v73i03.008
Bliznetsova, G.N., M.I. Retskii, A.G. Nezhdanov and V.A. Safonov. 2008. Antioxidant status and nitrogen oxide production in cows in health and obstetric/gynecologic disease. Russian Agricultural Sciences, 34(1): 61-63. DOI: 10.3103/S1068367408010229
Blum, J.W., H. Dosogne, D. Hoeben, F. Vangroenweghe, H.M. Hammon, R.M. Bruckmaier and C. Burvenich. 2000. Tumor necrosis factor-α and nitrite/nitrate responses during acute mastitis induced by Escherichia coli infection and endotoxin in dairy cows. Domest. Anim. Endocrin., 19(4): 223-235. DOI: 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00079-5
Bon Durant, R.H. 1999. Inflammation in the bovine female reproductive tract. J. Dairy Sci., 82(Suppl. 2): 101-110. DOI: 10.2527/1999.77suppl_2101x
Bonnett, B.N., S.W. Martin, V.P. Gannon, R.B. Miller and W.G. Etherington. 1991. Endometrial biopsy in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. III. Bacteriological analysis and correlations with histological findings. Can. J. Vet. Res., 55(2): 168.
Bouwstra, R.J., R.M.A. Goselink, P. Dobbelaar, M. Nielen, J.R. Newbold and T. Van Werven. 2008. The relationship between oxidative damage and vitamin E concentration in blood, milk, and liver tissue from vitamin E supplemented and nonsupplemented periparturient heifers. J. Dairy Sci., 91(3): 977-987. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0596
Cao, G. and R.L. Prior. 1998. Comparison of different analytical methods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of human serum. Clin. Chem., 44(6): 1309-1315. DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/44.6.1309
Castillo, C., J. Hernandez, A. Bravo, M. Lopez-Alonso, V. Pereira and J.L. Benedito. 2005. Oxidative status during late pregnancy and early lactation in dairy cows. Vet. J., 169(2): 286-292. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.02.001
Castillo, C., J. Hernandez, I. Valverde, V. Pereira, J. Sotillo, M.L. Alonso and J.L. Benedito. 2006. Plasma malonaldehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant status (TAS) during lactation in dairy cows. Res. Vet. Sci., 80(2): 133-139. DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.06.003
Cadenas, E. and K.J. Davies. 2000. Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and aging. Free Radical Bio. Med., 29(3-4): 222-230. DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00317-8
Chapwanya, A., K.G. Meade, M.L. Doherty, J.J. Callanan, J.F. Mee and C. O’Farrelly. 2009. Histopathological and molecular evaluation of Holstein-Friesian cows postpartum: toward an improved understanding of uterine innate immunity. Theriogenology, 71(9): 1396-1407. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.01.006
Contreras, G.A. and L.M. Sordillo. 2011. Lipid mobilization and inflammatory responses during the transition period of dairy cows. Comp. Immunol. Microb., 34(3): 281-289. DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.01.004
Dang, A.K., S. Prasad, K. De, S. Pal, J. Mukherjee, I.V.R. Sandeep, G. Mutoni, M.M. Pathan, M. Jamwal, S. Kapila, R. Kapila, H. Kaur, S. Dixit, A.K. Mohanty and B.S. Prakash. 2012. Effect of supplementation of vitamin E, copper and zinc on the in vitro phagocytic activity and lymphocyte proliferation index of peripartum Sahiwal (Bos indicus) cows. J. Anim. Physiol. An. N., 97(2): 315-321. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01272.x
Drackley, J.K., H.M. Dann, N.A. Janovick, N.B. Litherland, J.P. Underwood and J.J. Loor. 2005. Physiological and pathological adaptations in dairy cows that may increase susceptibility to periparturient diseases and disorders. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 4(4): 323-344. DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2005.323
Drackley, J.K. 1999. Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: The final frontier?. J. Dairy Sci., 82(11): 2259-2273. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75474-3
Ellah, M.R.A. 2016. Oxidant and antioxidants during the transition period in dairy cows. Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research, 6(4): 130-133. Available on: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20173023532
FAO. 2007. Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Fourichon, C., H. Seegers and X. Malher. 2000. Effect of disease on reproduction in the dairy cow: A meta-analysis. Theriogenology, 53(9): 1729-1759. DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(00)00311-3
Gabai, G., S. Testoni, R. Piccinini, L. Marinelli, C.M. Howard and G. Stradaioli. 2004. Oxidative stress in primiparous cows in relation to dietary starch and the progress of lactation. Anim. Sci., 79(1): 99-108. DOI: 10.1017/S1357729800054576
Galvao, K., N. Santos, J. Galvão and R. Gilbert. 2011. Association between endometritis and endometrial cytokine expression in postpartum Holstein cows. Theriogenology, 76(2): 290-299. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.02.006
Galvao, K.N., M. Frajblat, S.B. Brittin, W.R. Butler, C.L. Guard and R.O. Gilbert. 2009. Effect of prostaglandin F2α on subclinical endometritis and fertility in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 92(10): 4906-4913. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1984
Ghiselli, A., M. Serafini, F. Natella and C. Scaccini. 2000. Total antioxidant capacity as a tool to assess redox status: critical view and experimental data. Free Radical Bio. Med., 29(11): 1106-1114. DOI: 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00394-4
Gilbert, R.O., S.T. Shin, C.L. Guard, H.N. Erb and M. Frajblat. 2005. Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology, 64(9): 1879-1888. DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.04.022
Gitto, E., R.J. Reiter, M. Karbownik, D.X. Tan, P. Gitto, S. Barberi and I. Barberi. 2002. Causes of oxidative stress in the pre- and perinatal period. Neonatology, 81(3): 146-157. DOI: 10.1159/000051527
Goff, J.P. and J.R. Stable. 1990. Decreased plasma retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and zinc concentration during the periparturient period: Effect of milk fever. J. Dairy Sci., 73(11): 3195-3199. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)79010-8
Griffin, J.F.T., P.J. Hartigan and W.R. Nunn. 1974. Non-specific uterine infection and bovine fertility. I. Infection patterns and endometritis during the first seven weeks post-partum. Theriogenology, 1(3): 91-106. DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(74)90052-1
Grummer, R.R. 1995. Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cow. J. Anim. Sci., 73(9): 2820-2833. DOI: 10.2527/1995.7392820x
Hanafi, E.M., W.M. Ahmed, S.A. El Moez, H.H. El Khadrawy and A.A. El Hameed. 2008. Effect of clinical endometritis on ovarian activity and oxidative stress status in Egyptian buffalo-cows. American-Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci, 4(5): 530-536. Available on: https://idosi.org/aejaes/jaes4(5)/2.pdf
Heidarpour, M., M. Mohri, H. Borji and E. Moghdass. 2012. Oxidative stress and trace elements in camel (Camelus dromedarius) with liver cystic echinococcosis. Vet. Parasitol., 187(3-4): 459-463. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.015
Hogan, J.S., W.P. Weiss, D.A. Todhunter, K.L. Smith and P.S. Schoenberger. 1992. Bovine neutrophil responses to parenteral vitamin E. J. Dairy Sci., 75(2): 399-405. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)77775-3
Huie, R.E. and S. Padmaja. 1993. The reaction of no with superoxide. Free Radical Res. Com., 18(4): 195-199. DOI: 10.3109/10715769309145868
Ibrahim, H.M.M., Y.Y. El-seedy and N.A. Gomaa. 2015. Cytokine response and oxidative stress status in dairy cows with acute clinical mastitis. Journal of Dairy, Veterinary and Animal Research, 3(1): 9-13. Available on: https://medcraveonline.com/JDVAR/JDVAR-03-00064.pdf
Janero, D.R. 1990. Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury. Free Radical Bio. Med., 9(6): 515-540. DOI: 10.1016/0891-5849(90)90131-2
Joksimović-Todorović, M. and V. Davidović. 2007. Selenium, oxidative stress. In Proceeding of 3rd Symposium of Livestock Production with International Participation, Ohrid, Macedonia. p. 527-530.
Jóźwik, A., N. Strzałkowska, E. Bagnicka, W. Grzybek, J. Krzyżewski, E. Poławska, A. Kołataj and J.O. Horbańczuk. 2012. Relationship between milk yield, stage of lactation, and some blood serum metabolic parameters of dairy cows. Czech J. Anim. Sci., 57(8): 353-360. DOI: 10.17221/6270-CJAS
Kehrli, M.E., B.J. Nonnecke and J.A. Roth. 1989. Alterations in bovine neutrophil function during the periparturient period. Am. J. Vet. Res., 50(2): 207-214.
Lacetera, N., U. Bernabucci, A. Nardone and B. Ronchi. 2004. Immunological parameters in periparturient sheep. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 13(Suppl. 1): 601-604. DOI: 10.22358/jafs/74050/2004
Lacetera, N., D. Scalia, U. Bernabucci, B. Ronchi, D. Pirazzi and A. Nardone. 2005. Lymphocyte functions in overconditioned cows around parturition. J. Dairy Sci., 88(6): 2010-2016. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72877-0
Li, D., Y. Liu, Y. Li, Y. Lv, X. Pei and D. Guo. 2010. Significance of nitric oxide concentration in plasma and uterine secretes with puerperal endometritis in dairy cows. Vet. Res. Commun., 34(4): 315-321. DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9355-8
Lykkesfeldt, J. and O. Svendsen. 2007. Oxidants and antioxidants in disease: Oxidative stress in farm animals. Vet. J., 173(3): 502-511. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.06.005
Mac Micking, J., Q.W. Xie and C. Nathan. 1997. Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 15(1): 323-350. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.323
Marnett, L.J. 1999. Lipid peroxidation-DNA damage by malondialdehyde. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 424(1-2): 83-95. DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00010-x
McDougall, S., R. Macaulay and C. Compton. 2007. Association between endometritis diagnosis using a novel intravaginal device and reproductive performance in dairy cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 99(1-2): 9-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.03.017
Meglia, G.E., A. Johannisson, L. Petersson and K.P. Waller. 2001. Changes in some blood micronutrients, leukocytes and neutrophil expression of adhesion molecules in periparturient dairy cows. Acta Vet. Scand., 42(1): 139. DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-42-139
Melendez, P., J. McHale, J. Bartolome, L.F. Archbald and G.A. Donovan. 2004. Uterine involution and fertility of holstein cows subsequent to early postpartum PGF2α treatment for acute puerperal metritis. J. Dairy Sci., 87(10): 3238-3246. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73460-8
Mili, B., S. Pandita, B.S.B. Bharat, A.K. Singh, M. Mohini and M. Ashutosh. 2013. Xanthine oxidase activity during transition period and its association with occurrence of postpartum infections in Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Afr. J. Biotechnol., 12(32): 5101-5104. DOI: 10.5897/AJB12.2886
Moilanen, E. and H. Vapaatalo. 1995. Nitric oxide in inflammation and immune response. Ann. Med., 27(3): 359-367. DOI: 10.3109/07853899509002589
Monem, U.A. and K.H. El-Shahat. 2011. Effect of different dietary levels of inorganic zinc oxide on ovarian activities, reproductive performance of Egyptian Baladi ewes and growth of their lambs. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 14(2): 116-123. Available on: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20113201993
Nielsen, F., B.B. Mikkelsen, J.B. Nielsen, H.R. Andersen and P. Grandjean. 1997. Plasma malondialdehyde as biomarker for oxidative stress: Reference interval and effects of life-style factors. Clin. Chem., 43(7): 1209-1214. DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/43.7.1209
Nisbet, C., G.F. Yarim, A. Ciftci, S. Cenesiz and G. Ciftci. 2007. Investigation of serum nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels in cattle infected with Brucella abortus. Ankara Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg., 54(3): 159-163. DOI: 10.1501/Vetfak_0000000274
Okamoto, T., T. Akaike, T. Nagano, S. Miyajima, M. Suga, M. Ando, K. Ichimori and H. Maeda. 1997. Activation of human neutrophil procollagenase by nitrogen dioxide and peroxynitrite: A novel mechanism for procollagenase activation involving nitric oxide. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 342(2): 261-274. DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0127
Olson, J.D., L. Ball, R.G. Mortimer, P.W. Farin, W.S. Adney and E.M. Huffman. 1984. Aspects of bacteriology and endocrinology of cows with pyometra and retained fetal membranes. Am. J. Vet. Res., 45: 2251-2255.
Piccinini, R., E. Binda, M. Belotti, G. Casirani and A. Zecconi. 2004. The evaluation of non-specific immune status of heifers in field conditions during the periparturient period. Vet. Res., 35(5): 539-550. DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2004030
Politis, I., M. Hidiroglou, T.R. Batra, J.R. Gilmore, R.C. Gorewit and H. Scherf. 1995. Effects of vitamin E on immune function of diary cows. Am. J. Vet. Res., 56(2): 179-184. DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.1995.56.02.179
Pond, C.M. and E.A. Newsholme. 1999. Coping with metabolic stress in wild and domesticated animals. British Society of Animal Science Occasional Publication, 24: 9-20. DOI: 10.1017/S146398150004303X
Ranjan, R., D. Swarup, R. Naresh and R.C. Patra. 2005. Enhanced erythrocytic lipid peroxides and reduced plasma ascorbic acid, and alteration in blood trace elements level in dairy cows with mastitis. Vet. Res. Commun., 29(1): 27-34. DOI: 10.1023/b:verc.0000046740.59694.5d
Rizzo, A., M.T. Roscino, F. Binetti and R.L. Sciorsci. 2012. Roles of reactive oxygen species in female reproduction. Reprod. Domest. Anim., 47(2): 344-352. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01891.x
Ruder, C.A., R.G. Sasser, R.J. Williams, J.K. Ely, R.C. Bull and J.E. Butler. 1981. Uterine infections in the postpartum cow: II. Possible synergistic effect of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Corynebacterium pyogenes. Theriogenology, 15(6): 573-580. DOI: 10.1016/0093-691X(81)90060-1
Salman, S., A. Khol-Parisini, H. Schafft, M. LahrssenWiederholt, H.W. Hulan, D. Dinse and J. Zentek. 2009. The role of dietary selenium in bovine mammary gland health and immune function. Animal Health Research Reviews, 10(1): 21-34. DOI: 10.1017/S1466252308001588
Sander, A.K., M. Piechotta, G. Schlamberger, H. Bollwein, M. Kaske, A. Sipka and H.J. Schuberth. 2011. Ex vivo phagocytic overall performance of neutrophilic granulocytes and the relation to plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations in dairy cows during the transition period. J Dairy Sci., 94(4): 1762-1771. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3275
Scalia, D., N. Lacetera and U. Bernabucci. 2006. In vitro effects of nonesterified fatty acids on bovine neutrophils oxidative burst and viability. J. Dairy Sci., 89(1): 147-154. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72078-1
Schonfeld, P. and L. Wojtczak. 2008. Fatty acids as modulators of the cellular production of reactive oxygen species. Free Radical Bio. Med., 45(3): 231-241. DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.029
Semambo, D.K., T.R. Ayliffe, J.S. Boyd and D.J. Taylor. 1991. Early abortion in cattle induced by experimental intrauterine infection with pure cultures of actinomyces pyogenes. Vet. Rec., 129(1): 12-16. DOI: 10.1136/vr.129.1.12
Sharma, N., N.K. Singh and M.S. Bhadwal. 2011. Relationship of somatic cell count and mastitis: An overview. Asian-Austral. J. Anim., 24(3): 429-438. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2011.10233
Sheldon, I.M. and H. Dobson. 2003. Reproductive challenges facing the cattle industry at the beginning of the 21st century. Reproduction Supplement, 61: 1-13. Available on: https://www.biosciproceedings.org/bp/0005/pdf/bp0005rdr1.pdf
Sheldon, I.M. and D.E. Noakes. 1998. Comparison of three treatments for bovine endometritis. Vet. Rec., 142(21): 575-579. DOI: 10.1136/vr.142.21.575
Sheldon, I.M., D.E. Noakes and H. Dobson. 2002. Effect of the regressing corpus luteum of pregnancy on ovarian folliculogenesis after parturition in cattle. Biol. Reprod., 66(2): 266-271. DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod66.2.266
Singh, S. 2017. Effect of vitamin E and selenium administration on productive performance in cross bred cows. Doctoral dissertation, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.
Smith, B.I. and C.A. Risco. 2005. Management of periparturient disorders in dairy cattle. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 21(2): 503-521.
Sordillo, L.M. and S.L. Aitken. 2009. Impact of oxidative stress on the health and immune function of dairy cattle. Vet. Immunol. Immunop., 128(1-3): 104-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.305
Sordillo, L.M. 2005. Factors affecting mammary gland immunity and mastitis susceptibility. Livest. Reprod. Sci., 98(1-2): 89-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.10.017
Sundrum, A. 2015. Metabolic disorders in the transition period indicate that the dairy cows’ ability to adapt is overstressed. Animals, 5(4): 978-1020. DOI: 10.3390/ani5040395
Tanaka, M., Y. Kamiya, T. Suzuki and Y. Nakai. 2011. Changes in oxidative status in periparturient dairy cows in hot conditions. Anim. Sci. J., 82(2): 320-324. DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00839.x
Trevisan, M., R. Browne, M. Ram, P. Muti, J. Freudenheim, A.N. Carosella and D. Armstrong. 2001. Correlates of markers of oxidative status in the general population. Am. J. Epidemiol., 154(4): 348-356. DOI: 10.1093/aje/154.4.348
Usmani, R.H., N. Ahmad, P. Shafiq and M.A. Mirza. 2001. Effect of subclinical uterine infection on cervical and uterine involution, estrous activity and fertility in postpartum buffaloes. Theriogenology, 55(2): 563-571. DOI: 10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00426-5
Valko, M., D. Leibfritz, J. Moncol, M.T. Cronin, M. Mazur and J. Telser. 2007. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int. J. Biochem. Cell B., 39(1): 44-84. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001
Waldron, M.R. and X.S. Revelo. 2008. Causes and effects of periparturient immunosuppression. WCDS Advances in Dairy Technology, 20: 97-109. Available on: https://wcds.ualberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/57/wcds_archive/Archive/2009/Manuscripts/CausesandEffectsofPeriparturient.pdf
Wathes, D.C., N. Bourne, Z. Cheng, G.E. Mann, V.J. Taylor and M.P. Coffey. 2007. Multiple correlation analyses of metabolic and endocrine profiles with fertility in primiparous and multiparous cows. J. Dairy Sci., 90(3): 1310-1325. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71619-3
Weiss, W.P., J.S. Hogan, K.L. Smith and K.H. Hoblet. 1990. Relationships among selenium, vitamin E, and mammary gland health in commercial dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci., 73(2): 381-390. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78684-5
Wilde, D. 2006. Influence of macro and micro minerals in the peri-parturient period on fertility in dairy cattle. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 96(3-4): 240-249. DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.004
Wullepit, N., M. Hostens, C. Ginneberge, V. Fievez, G. Opsomer, D. Fremaut and S. De Smet. 2012. Influence of a marine algae supplementation on the oxidative status of plasma in dairy cows during the periparturient period. Prev. Vet. Med., 103(4): 298-303. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.09.007
Wullepit, N., K. Raes, B. Beerda, R.F. Veerkamp, D. Fremaut and S. De Smet. 2009. Influence of management and genetic merit for milk yield on the oxidative status of plasma in heifers. Livest. Sci., 123(2): 276-282. DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.11.013
Zerbe, H., N. Schneider, W. Leibold, T. Wensing, T.A.M. Kruip and H.J. Schuberth. 2000. Altered functional and immunophenotypical properties of neutrophilic granulocytes in postpartum cows associated with fatty liver. Theriogenology, 54(5): 771-786. DOI: 10.1016/S0093-691X(00)00389-7
Zhao, X. and P. Lacasse. 2008. Mammary tissue damage during bovine mastitis: Causes and control. J. Anim. Sci., 86(Sppl 13): 57-65. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0302
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
.png){kind=logo}
