The effect of age at first calving on productive life and lifetime profit in lactating Egyptian buffaloes
Keywords:
Bubalus bubalis, buffaloes, age, calving, Egyptian buffaloes, profitable, genetic, number service per conceptionAbstract
Data on Egyptian buffalo were analyzed to estimate the effect of age at first calving (AFC, mo) classes on some productive traits [milk yield (MY, kg), milk yield per day, (MY/D, kg), and lactation period (LP, d) and reproductive traits [calving interval (CI, d) and number of services per conception (NSPC, count). Means for AFC were 916±41, 1143±72 and 1414±119 days for early, average and late respectively. Additionally, means of milk yield (MY) for mentioned three levels of AFC were 1780±774, 1920±607 and 2040±812 kg, respectively.
Economic evaluations indicated that the profit per buffalo cow during the lifetime production were L.E 62960 ($3778), L.E 38538 ($2312) and L.E 3695 ($222) of early, average and late AFC, respectively. Reducing AFC was a positive influence on lifetime profit per buffalo cow. Lifetime profit rises to about L.E 24400, L.E 59200, and L.E 34800 when AFC decreased to 30 months from (38 months), to 30 months from (55 months) and to 38 months from (55 months), respectively. Heritability estimates for MY, MY/D, LP, CI, NSPC and AFC were 0.39±0.09, 0.31±0.07, 0.21±0.08, 0.15±0.06, 0.11±0.07 and 0.57±0.18, respectively. Genetic correlations between AFC and MY, MY/D, LP, CI, NSPC were -0.146±0.33, -0.382±0.30, +0.038±0.47, +0.530±0.49 and +0.311±0.63, successively. The present results revealed that the buffaloes having late AFC were unprofitable during her productive life in the farm, but still needs further investigation of large data with different geographical area and management conditions.
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References
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Ahmad, M. 2002. Economics of rearing of buffalo, Sahiwal and crossbred heifers up to maturity. Int. J. Agri. Biol., 4(1): 153-155. Available on: http://www.fspublishers.org/published_papers/1834_..pdf
Ali, L., R.A. Gill, K.Z. Gondal, Z. Ahmad, M. Anwar and M. Tahir. 1992. Effect of age at first calving on first lactation performance of Sahiwal cows. Pak. J. Agr. Sci., 29(3): 223-226. Available on: https://www.pakjas.com.pk/papers/1050.pdf
Bagnato, A.1. and P.A. Oltenacu. 1993. Genetic study of fertility traits and production in different parities in Italian Friesian cattle. J. Anim. Breed Genet., 110(1-6): 126-134. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1993.tb00723.x.
Bailey, T. and J. Currin. 2009. Heifer Inventory and the Economics of Replacement Rearing. Cooperative Extension, Virginia, USA. p. 404-287.
Barnard, C.S. and J.S. Mix. 1993. Farm Planning and Control: Budgeting and Programming Planning, 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Baruselli, P.S., V.H. Barnabe, R.C. Barnabe, J.A. Visintin, J.R. Molero-Filho and R. Porto. 2001. Effect of body condition score at calving on postpartum reproductive performance in buffalo. Buffalo J., 17: 53-65.
Basu, S.B. 1985. Genetic Improvement of Buffaloes. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, Ludhiana, India.
Bhatti, S.A., M. Sarwar, M.S. Khan and S.M.I. Hussain. 2007. Reducing the age at first calving through nutritional manipulations in dairy buffaloes and cows: A review. Pak. Vet. J., 27: 42-47.
Boldman, K.G., L.A. Kriese, L.D. Van Vleck and S.D. Kachman. 1995. Amanual for use of MTDFREML. A Set for Programs to Obtain Estimates of Variances and Covariance (DRAFT). Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Clay Center, NE, USA.
Chaudhry, M.A., A.A. Asghar and M. Ahmed. 1991. Productive and reproductive performance of Nili-River buffalo heifers ad influenced by minderal and concentrate mixture. Buffalo J., 7: 41-49.
Chiaia, H.L., M.V. De-Lemos, G.C. Venturini, C. Aboujaoude and M.P. Berton. 2015. Genotype environment interaction for age at first calving, scrotal circumference, and yearling weight in Nellore cattle using reaction norms in multi trait random regression models. J Anim Sci., 93(4): 1503-1510. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8217
Dash, T. and M. Mishra. 1990. Characteristics and Performance of Kujang buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management, 6(4): 207-212.
Dutt, T. and V.K. Taneja. 1994. Phenotypic and genetic parameters of age at first calving, first lactation milk yield and some measures of efficiency of production in Murrah buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 64: 880-883.
El-Arian, M.N., N.A. Shalaby, A.S. Khattab, S.A. Darwish and R.H. Abou-Gamous. 2012. Phenotypic and genetic trends for some milk yield traits of Egyptian buffaloes. J. Animal and Poultry Prod., Mansoura Univ., 3(7): 353-364. DOI: 10.21608/jappmu.2012.82938
El-Awady H.G. 2013. Effect of milk yield on economic profitability of Holstein Friesian cows under intensive production system in Egypt. Pak Vet J., 33(1): 23-26.
El-Awady, H.G., A.Y. Salem and A. Shoaib. 2016. Effect of level of milk production on profitability in lactating Egyptian buffaloes. Journal of Agricultural Research Kafr El-Shaikh University, 42(2): 105-114. Available on: https://journals.ekb.eg/article_2876_4d3ce32d2af723309ebcf4ab54613bb4.pdf
El-Awady, H.G. 2009. Genetic and economic evaluation for milk yield traits of lactating Egyptian Buffalo including lactose and somatic cell counts. Journal of Agricultural Research Kafr El-Shaikh University, 35: 823-840.
Ettema, J.F. and J.E. Santos. 2004. Impact of age at calving on lactation, reproduction, health, and income in first-parity Holsteins on commercial farms. J. Dairy Sci., 87(8): 2730-2742. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73400-1
Gajbhiye, P.U. and V.N. Tripathi. 1991. Genetic improvement of antagonistic traits in Murrah buffaloes through restricted selection indices. Buffalo J., 7(2): 155-163.
Gardner, R.W., L.W. Smith and R.L. Park. 1988. Feeding and management of dairy heifers for optimal lifetime productivity. J. Dairy Sci., 71(4): 996-999. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79646-0
Gogi, P.K., D. Das and R.N. Goswami. 1996. Performance of swamp buffaloes of Assam in respect of some important reproductive traits. J. Assam. Vet., 6: 19-21.
Goodger, W.J., J. Fetrow, G.M. Ferguson, H.F. Trout and R. McCabe. 1989. A computer spreadsheet program to estimate the cost of raising dairy replacements. Prev. Vet. Med., 7(4): 239-254. DOI: 10.1016/0167-5877(89)90009-3
Gupta, J.P., G.K. Sachdeva, R.S. Gandhi and A.K. Chakaravarty. 2015. Developing multiple-trait prediction models using growth and production traits in Murrah buffalo. Buffalo Bull., 34(3): 347-355. Available on: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1075.8515&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Harvey, W.R. 1990. User’s Guide for LSMLMW, Mixed Model Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood Computer Program PC-2 Version. Ohio State, University, Columbus (Mimeograph). USA.
Heinrichs, A.J. 1993. Raising dairy replacements to meet the needs of the 21st century. J. Dairy Sci., 76(10): 3179-3187. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77656-0
International Farm Comparison Network, (IFCN). 2009. Dairy Report for a Better Understanding of Milk Production. International Farm Comparison Network, World-Wide, Country, Gemany.
Jahageerdar, S., M.G. Govindaiah and M.R. Jayashankar. 1997. Genetic studies of first lactation performance of Surti buffaloes. Buffalo Bull., 16(3): 51-55. Available on: https://ibic.lib.ku.ac.th/e-Bulletin/IBBU199700011.pdf
Khan, M.A., A.G. Mohiuddin and M.A. Qureshi. 1989. Effect of non-genetic factors on number of service per conception in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 26: 31-40.
Konanta, S., P. Bunyavejchewin, S. Sangdid and K. Hangsanet, 1992. Progress in genetic selection of swamp buffalo in Thailand. p. 193-204. In Proceedings of the 6th AAAP Animal Science Congress, Bangkok, Thailand.
Lin, C.Y., A.J. McAllister, T.R. Batra, A.J. Lee, G.L. Roy, J.A. Vesely, J.M. Wauthy and K.A. Winter. 1988. Effects of early and late breeding of heifers on multiple lactation performances of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 71(10): 2735-2743. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79867-7
Marshall, J.A., C.K. Kuzdas and W.K. Coblentz. 2013. Relationships between age at first calving; Herd management criteria; and lifetime milk, fat, and protein production in Holstein cattle. Prof. Anim. Sci. 29(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30188-1
Mourits, M.C.M., R.B.M. Huirne, A.A. Dijkhuizen, A.R. Kristensen and D.T. Galligan. 1999. Economic optimization of dairy heifer management decisions. Agr. Syst., 61(1): 17-31. 10.1016/S0308-521X(99)00029-3
Naqvi, A.N. and S.A. Shami. 1999. Age at first calving in Nili Ravi buffalo. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2: 438-441. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.1999.438.441
Pilla, A.M. and B.M. Moioli. 1992. Genetic evaluation of buffaloes for milk yield using the animal model. Zootec. Nutr. Anim., 18: 207-218.
Pollott, G.E. 2011. Short communication: Do Holstein lactations of varied lengths have different characteristics? J. Dairy Sci. 94(12): 6173-6180. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4467
Raheja, K.L., A.K. Vinayak and S. Kalra.2001. Comparison of four methods of variance components estimation for heritability of economic traits in Murrah buffalo. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 71(2): 146-149.
Reddy, C.E. and V.K. Tanega. 1982. A note on factors influencing the first lactation traits of Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 37: 36-39.
Ramos, A.A., C.H.M. Malhado and P.L.S. Carneiro. 2006. Caracterização fenotípica e genética da produção de leite e do intervalo entre partos em bubalinos da Raça Murrah. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras., 41(8): 1261-1267. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-204X2006000800008.
Rosati, A., L.D. Van and Vleck. 2002. Estimation of genetic parameters for milk, fat, protein and mozzarella cheese production for the Italian river buffalo Bubalus bubalis population. Livest. Prod. Sci., 74(2): 185-190. DOI: 10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00293-7
Seno, L.O., V.L. Cardoso, L. El Faro, R.C. Sesana, R.R. Aspilcueta Borquis and H. Tonhati. 2007. Genetic parameters for milk yield, age at first calving and interval between first and second calving in milk Murrah buffaloes. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 6(Suppl. 2): 397-400.
Silva, M.E.T. da and H. Schorr. 1990. Breeding of buffaloes in Paraná. Miscellaneous: Informe da Pesquisa - Instituto Agronómico do Paraná, 14: (abstract).
Simerl, N.A., C.J. Wilcox and W.W. Thatcher.1992. Post-partum performance of dairy heifers freshening at young ages. J. Dairy Sci., 75(2): 590-595. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)77796-0
Thevamanoharan, K. 2003. Genetic analysis of performance traits of Swamp and Riverine buffalo. Buffalo Newsletter, 18: 11.
Thiruvenkadan, A.K., S. Panneerselvam and N. Murali. 2015. Study on ages at first mating and calving of Murrah buffaloes in hot and humid climate of Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J. Anim. Res., 49(5): 591-594. DOI: 10.18805/ijar.5567
Thompson, J.R., E.J. Pollak and P.L. Pelissier. 1983. Interrelationships of parturition problems, production of subsequent lactation, reproduction, and age at first calving. J. Dairy Sci., 66(5): 1119-1127. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81909-2
Tonhati, H., F.B. Vasconcellos and L.G. Albuquerque. 2000. Genetic aspects of productive and reproductive traits in Murrah buffalo herd in São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Animal Breeding Genetics, 117(5): 331-336. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0388.2000.00249.x
Torshizi, M.E. 2016. Effects of season and age at first calving on genetic and phenotypic characteristics of lactation curve parameters in Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 58(2): 1-14. DOI: 10.1186/s40781-016-0089-1
VanRaden, P.M. 2002. Selection of dairy cattle for lifetime profit. In Proceedings 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France.
VanRaden, P.M. and E.J.H. Klaaskate. 1993. Genetic evaluation of length of productive life including predicted longevity of live cows. J. Dairy Sci., 76(9): 2758-2764. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77613-4
Verma, R., I. Singh, A.K. Balhara, V. Nayan, K. Sharma and V. Chaudhiry. 2018. Correlation between extremes age at first calving with their productive and reproductive performances in Indian Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Indian J. Anim. Res., 10: 1-7. DOI: 10.18805/ijar.B-3371
Zafar, A.H., M. Ahmed and S.U. Rehman. 2008. Study of some performance traits in Sahiwal cows during different periods. Pak. Vet. J., 28(2): 84-88. Available on: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.424.5935&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Ahmad, M. 2002. Economics of rearing of buffalo, Sahiwal and crossbred heifers up to maturity. Int. J. Agri. Biol., 4(1): 153-155. Available on: http://www.fspublishers.org/published_papers/1834_..pdf
Ali, L., R.A. Gill, K.Z. Gondal, Z. Ahmad, M. Anwar and M. Tahir. 1992. Effect of age at first calving on first lactation performance of Sahiwal cows. Pak. J. Agr. Sci., 29(3): 223-226. Available on: https://www.pakjas.com.pk/papers/1050.pdf
Bagnato, A.1. and P.A. Oltenacu. 1993. Genetic study of fertility traits and production in different parities in Italian Friesian cattle. J. Anim. Breed Genet., 110(1-6): 126-134. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1993.tb00723.x.
Bailey, T. and J. Currin. 2009. Heifer Inventory and the Economics of Replacement Rearing. Cooperative Extension, Virginia, USA. p. 404-287.
Barnard, C.S. and J.S. Mix. 1993. Farm Planning and Control: Budgeting and Programming Planning, 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Baruselli, P.S., V.H. Barnabe, R.C. Barnabe, J.A. Visintin, J.R. Molero-Filho and R. Porto. 2001. Effect of body condition score at calving on postpartum reproductive performance in buffalo. Buffalo J., 17: 53-65.
Basu, S.B. 1985. Genetic Improvement of Buffaloes. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, Ludhiana, India.
Bhatti, S.A., M. Sarwar, M.S. Khan and S.M.I. Hussain. 2007. Reducing the age at first calving through nutritional manipulations in dairy buffaloes and cows: A review. Pak. Vet. J., 27: 42-47.
Boldman, K.G., L.A. Kriese, L.D. Van Vleck and S.D. Kachman. 1995. Amanual for use of MTDFREML. A Set for Programs to Obtain Estimates of Variances and Covariance (DRAFT). Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Clay Center, NE, USA.
Chaudhry, M.A., A.A. Asghar and M. Ahmed. 1991. Productive and reproductive performance of Nili-River buffalo heifers ad influenced by minderal and concentrate mixture. Buffalo J., 7: 41-49.
Chiaia, H.L., M.V. De-Lemos, G.C. Venturini, C. Aboujaoude and M.P. Berton. 2015. Genotype environment interaction for age at first calving, scrotal circumference, and yearling weight in Nellore cattle using reaction norms in multi trait random regression models. J Anim Sci., 93(4): 1503-1510. DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8217
Dash, T. and M. Mishra. 1990. Characteristics and Performance of Kujang buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Production and Management, 6(4): 207-212.
Dutt, T. and V.K. Taneja. 1994. Phenotypic and genetic parameters of age at first calving, first lactation milk yield and some measures of efficiency of production in Murrah buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 64: 880-883.
El-Arian, M.N., N.A. Shalaby, A.S. Khattab, S.A. Darwish and R.H. Abou-Gamous. 2012. Phenotypic and genetic trends for some milk yield traits of Egyptian buffaloes. J. Animal and Poultry Prod., Mansoura Univ., 3(7): 353-364. DOI: 10.21608/jappmu.2012.82938
El-Awady H.G. 2013. Effect of milk yield on economic profitability of Holstein Friesian cows under intensive production system in Egypt. Pak Vet J., 33(1): 23-26.
El-Awady, H.G., A.Y. Salem and A. Shoaib. 2016. Effect of level of milk production on profitability in lactating Egyptian buffaloes. Journal of Agricultural Research Kafr El-Shaikh University, 42(2): 105-114. Available on: https://journals.ekb.eg/article_2876_4d3ce32d2af723309ebcf4ab54613bb4.pdf
El-Awady, H.G. 2009. Genetic and economic evaluation for milk yield traits of lactating Egyptian Buffalo including lactose and somatic cell counts. Journal of Agricultural Research Kafr El-Shaikh University, 35: 823-840.
Ettema, J.F. and J.E. Santos. 2004. Impact of age at calving on lactation, reproduction, health, and income in first-parity Holsteins on commercial farms. J. Dairy Sci., 87(8): 2730-2742. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73400-1
Gajbhiye, P.U. and V.N. Tripathi. 1991. Genetic improvement of antagonistic traits in Murrah buffaloes through restricted selection indices. Buffalo J., 7(2): 155-163.
Gardner, R.W., L.W. Smith and R.L. Park. 1988. Feeding and management of dairy heifers for optimal lifetime productivity. J. Dairy Sci., 71(4): 996-999. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79646-0
Gogi, P.K., D. Das and R.N. Goswami. 1996. Performance of swamp buffaloes of Assam in respect of some important reproductive traits. J. Assam. Vet., 6: 19-21.
Goodger, W.J., J. Fetrow, G.M. Ferguson, H.F. Trout and R. McCabe. 1989. A computer spreadsheet program to estimate the cost of raising dairy replacements. Prev. Vet. Med., 7(4): 239-254. DOI: 10.1016/0167-5877(89)90009-3
Gupta, J.P., G.K. Sachdeva, R.S. Gandhi and A.K. Chakaravarty. 2015. Developing multiple-trait prediction models using growth and production traits in Murrah buffalo. Buffalo Bull., 34(3): 347-355. Available on: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1075.8515&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Harvey, W.R. 1990. User’s Guide for LSMLMW, Mixed Model Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood Computer Program PC-2 Version. Ohio State, University, Columbus (Mimeograph). USA.
Heinrichs, A.J. 1993. Raising dairy replacements to meet the needs of the 21st century. J. Dairy Sci., 76(10): 3179-3187. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77656-0
International Farm Comparison Network, (IFCN). 2009. Dairy Report for a Better Understanding of Milk Production. International Farm Comparison Network, World-Wide, Country, Gemany.
Jahageerdar, S., M.G. Govindaiah and M.R. Jayashankar. 1997. Genetic studies of first lactation performance of Surti buffaloes. Buffalo Bull., 16(3): 51-55. Available on: https://ibic.lib.ku.ac.th/e-Bulletin/IBBU199700011.pdf
Khan, M.A., A.G. Mohiuddin and M.A. Qureshi. 1989. Effect of non-genetic factors on number of service per conception in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 26: 31-40.
Konanta, S., P. Bunyavejchewin, S. Sangdid and K. Hangsanet, 1992. Progress in genetic selection of swamp buffalo in Thailand. p. 193-204. In Proceedings of the 6th AAAP Animal Science Congress, Bangkok, Thailand.
Lin, C.Y., A.J. McAllister, T.R. Batra, A.J. Lee, G.L. Roy, J.A. Vesely, J.M. Wauthy and K.A. Winter. 1988. Effects of early and late breeding of heifers on multiple lactation performances of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 71(10): 2735-2743. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79867-7
Marshall, J.A., C.K. Kuzdas and W.K. Coblentz. 2013. Relationships between age at first calving; Herd management criteria; and lifetime milk, fat, and protein production in Holstein cattle. Prof. Anim. Sci. 29(1): 1-9. DOI: 10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30188-1
Mourits, M.C.M., R.B.M. Huirne, A.A. Dijkhuizen, A.R. Kristensen and D.T. Galligan. 1999. Economic optimization of dairy heifer management decisions. Agr. Syst., 61(1): 17-31. 10.1016/S0308-521X(99)00029-3
Naqvi, A.N. and S.A. Shami. 1999. Age at first calving in Nili Ravi buffalo. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2: 438-441. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.1999.438.441
Pilla, A.M. and B.M. Moioli. 1992. Genetic evaluation of buffaloes for milk yield using the animal model. Zootec. Nutr. Anim., 18: 207-218.
Pollott, G.E. 2011. Short communication: Do Holstein lactations of varied lengths have different characteristics? J. Dairy Sci. 94(12): 6173-6180. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4467
Raheja, K.L., A.K. Vinayak and S. Kalra.2001. Comparison of four methods of variance components estimation for heritability of economic traits in Murrah buffalo. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 71(2): 146-149.
Reddy, C.E. and V.K. Tanega. 1982. A note on factors influencing the first lactation traits of Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 37: 36-39.
Ramos, A.A., C.H.M. Malhado and P.L.S. Carneiro. 2006. Caracterização fenotípica e genética da produção de leite e do intervalo entre partos em bubalinos da Raça Murrah. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras., 41(8): 1261-1267. DOI: 10.1590/S0100-204X2006000800008.
Rosati, A., L.D. Van and Vleck. 2002. Estimation of genetic parameters for milk, fat, protein and mozzarella cheese production for the Italian river buffalo Bubalus bubalis population. Livest. Prod. Sci., 74(2): 185-190. DOI: 10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00293-7
Seno, L.O., V.L. Cardoso, L. El Faro, R.C. Sesana, R.R. Aspilcueta Borquis and H. Tonhati. 2007. Genetic parameters for milk yield, age at first calving and interval between first and second calving in milk Murrah buffaloes. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 6(Suppl. 2): 397-400.
Silva, M.E.T. da and H. Schorr. 1990. Breeding of buffaloes in Paraná. Miscellaneous: Informe da Pesquisa - Instituto Agronómico do Paraná, 14: (abstract).
Simerl, N.A., C.J. Wilcox and W.W. Thatcher.1992. Post-partum performance of dairy heifers freshening at young ages. J. Dairy Sci., 75(2): 590-595. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)77796-0
Thevamanoharan, K. 2003. Genetic analysis of performance traits of Swamp and Riverine buffalo. Buffalo Newsletter, 18: 11.
Thiruvenkadan, A.K., S. Panneerselvam and N. Murali. 2015. Study on ages at first mating and calving of Murrah buffaloes in hot and humid climate of Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J. Anim. Res., 49(5): 591-594. DOI: 10.18805/ijar.5567
Thompson, J.R., E.J. Pollak and P.L. Pelissier. 1983. Interrelationships of parturition problems, production of subsequent lactation, reproduction, and age at first calving. J. Dairy Sci., 66(5): 1119-1127. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81909-2
Tonhati, H., F.B. Vasconcellos and L.G. Albuquerque. 2000. Genetic aspects of productive and reproductive traits in Murrah buffalo herd in São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Animal Breeding Genetics, 117(5): 331-336. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0388.2000.00249.x
Torshizi, M.E. 2016. Effects of season and age at first calving on genetic and phenotypic characteristics of lactation curve parameters in Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 58(2): 1-14. DOI: 10.1186/s40781-016-0089-1
VanRaden, P.M. 2002. Selection of dairy cattle for lifetime profit. In Proceedings 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Montpellier, France.
VanRaden, P.M. and E.J.H. Klaaskate. 1993. Genetic evaluation of length of productive life including predicted longevity of live cows. J. Dairy Sci., 76(9): 2758-2764. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77613-4
Verma, R., I. Singh, A.K. Balhara, V. Nayan, K. Sharma and V. Chaudhiry. 2018. Correlation between extremes age at first calving with their productive and reproductive performances in Indian Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Indian J. Anim. Res., 10: 1-7. DOI: 10.18805/ijar.B-3371
Zafar, A.H., M. Ahmed and S.U. Rehman. 2008. Study of some performance traits in Sahiwal cows during different periods. Pak. Vet. J., 28(2): 84-88. Available on: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.424.5935&rep=rep1&type=pdf
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2021-03-26
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El-Awady, H. G., Ibrahim, A. F., & Abu El-Naser, I. A. M. (2021). The effect of age at first calving on productive life and lifetime profit in lactating Egyptian buffaloes. Buffalo Bulletin, 40(1), 71–85. Retrieved from https://kuojs.lib.ku.ac.th/index.php/BufBu/article/view/1873
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