Ethno-medicinal study of plants used for treatment of buffalo ailments by traditional healers in Marwar region, Rajasthan, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56825/bufbu.2024.4343997Keywords:
Bubalus bubalis, buffaloes, ethnoveterinary practices, Informant consensus factor (ICF), Fidelity Level (FL), traditional knowledgeAbstract
The objective of this current investigation was to explore the ethnoveterinary practices concerning plant use and formulation techniques in an undisclosed area of India. Additionally, the study aimed to identify potential medicinal plants with notable consensus factor and fidelity values for subsequent in vitro analysis. A total of 60 individuals were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire to gather information. Within the study area, 63 medicinal plants from 40 different families were documented for treating ailments in buffaloes. Notably, the Amaranthaceae family was most frequently cited for buffalo treatment. Analysis of growth forms revealed a dominance of woody plants, with shrubs comprising 30.16% and trees 28.57%, followed by herbs at 31.16% and climbers at 09.52%. A majority of the plants were found to be wild (63.49%) and perennial (73.01%). Leaves and roots were the preferred plant parts for remedies, followed by whole plants and seeds. The informant consensus factor (ICF) ranged from 0.83 for ophthalmic and poison effects to 0.97 for respiratory ailments, indicating a strong consensus among traditional healers regarding plant usage for various ailments. Vernoia cinerea exhibited the highest Fidelity Level (FL) value (81.25%), followed by Tecomella undulate (72.72%) and Curcuma longa (71.11%). Plants with high ICF and FL values warrant further investigation through phytochemical and pharmacological studies to validate their efficacy scientifically.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Adeniran, L.A., S. Ojpi, T.S. Anjarin and O.P. Ajagbonna. 2020. Medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary practices in the Federal Capital Territory, North-Central Nigeria. J. Med. Plants Res., 14(8): 377-388. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR2020.6975
Adhikari, P.P., S. Talukdar and A. Borah. 2018. Ethnomedicobotanical study of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used for the treatment of reproductive problems in Nalbari district, Assam, India. J. Ethnopharmacol., 210: 386-407. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.024
Ahmad, S., S.A. Gangoo, S.M. Sultan and M.D. Dar. 2016. Ethnoveterinary practices and use of herbal medicine by pastoralists of Himalaya: A review. Annals of Biology, 32(2): 260-268. Available on: https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20173021672
Al-Alawi, R.A., J.H. Al-Mashiqri, J.S.M. Al-Nadabi, B.I. Al-Shihi and Y. Baqi. 2017. Date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Natural products and therapeutic options. Front. Plant Sci., 8: 845. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00845
Ali, A., N. Akhtar, B.A. Khan, M.S. Khan, A. Rasul, Shahiq-UZ-Zaman, N. Khalid, K. Waseem, T. Mahmood and L. Ali. 2012. Acacia nilotica: A plant of multipurpose medicinal uses. J. Med. Plants Res., 6(9): 1492-1496. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR11.1275
Al-Snafi, A.E. 2017. Pharmacological and therapeutic importance of Desmostachya Bipinnata-A review. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(1): 60-66. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.268944
Ambardar, N. and V. Aeri. 2013. A better understanding of traditional uses of Careya arborea Roxb.: Phytochemical and pharmacological review. TANG Humanities Traditional Medicine, 3(4): DOI: 10.5667/tang.2013.0013
Anilakumar, K.R., A. Pal, F. Khanum and A.S. Bawa. 2010. Nutritional, medicinal and industrial uses of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds - An overview. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 75(4): 159-168. Available on: https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/98744
Ankad, G.M., R.T. Konakeri, H.V. Hegde and S. Roy. 2015. Variation in pharmacogonstic characters and polyphenolic contents among four species of medicinal plants from the genus Spermacoce (Rubiaceae). Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 77(4): 446-452. DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.164781
Appidi, J.R., D.S. Grierson and A.J. Afolayan. 2008. Ethnobotanical study of plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(15): 1961-1963. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2008.1961.1963
Asha, S., B. Deevika and A.M. Sadiq. 2014. Euphorbia hirta Linn - A Review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology, World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 3(4): 180-205.
Bag, A., S.K. Bhattacharyya and R.R. Chattopadhyay. 2013. The development of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) in clinical research. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med., 3(3): 244-252. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60059-3
Baidya, S., B. Thakur and A. Devi. 2020. Ethnomedicinal plants of the scared groves and their uses by Karbi tribe in Karbi Anglong district of Assam, Northeast India. Indian J. Tradit. Know., 19(2): 277-287.
Balakrishnan Nair, M.N., N. Punniamurthy and S.K. Kumar. 2017. Ethno-veterinary practices for animal health and the associated medicinal plants from 24 locations in 10 states of India. Research and Reviews: Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 3(1): 25-34. Available on: https://www.rroij.com/open-access/ethnoveterinary-practices-for-animal-health-and-the-associated-medicinal-plants-from-24-locations-in-10-states-of-india-.pdf
Bhalerao, B.M., K.S. Vishwakarma and V.L. Maheshwari. 2013. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F. & Thoms.- plant tissue culture and comparative chemo-profiling study as a function of different supporting trees. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 4(4): 380-386.
Bhattacharya, M., A. Singh and C. Ramrakhyani. 2014. Dalbergia sissoo - An important medical plant. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 2(2): 76-82. Available on: https://www.plantsjournal.com/vol2Issue2/Issue_feb_2014/12.1.pdf
Canales, M., J.T. Hern´andez, J. Caballero, A. Romo de Vivar, G. Avila and A. Duran. 2005. Informant consensus factor and antibacterial activity of the medicinal plants used by the people of San Rafael Coxcatlán, Puebla, México. J. Ethnopharmacol., 97(3): 429-439. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.013
Chaudhari, S.Y., G. Ruknuddin and P. Prajapati. 2016. Ethno medicinal values of Citrus genus: A review. Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil University, 9(5): 560-565. DOI: 10.4103/0975-2870.192146
Chawla, A., P. Chawla, N. Vasudeva, S.K. Sharma and U.S. Baghel. 2013. Pharmacognostic standardization of the stem of Aerva persica (Burm.f) Merrill (Amaranthaceae). Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 7(11): 637-644. Available on: https://academicjournals.org/article/article1380704539_Chawla%20et%20al.pdf
Deb. A., S. Barua and B. Das. 2016. Pharmacological activities of Baheda (Terminalia bellerica): A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 5(1): 194-197. Available on: https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2016/vol5issue1/PartC/4-4-28.pdf
Friedman, J., Z. Yaniv, A. Dafni and D. Palewitch. 1986. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. J. Ethnopharmacol., 16(2-3): 275-287. DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(86)90094-2
Galav, P., A. Jain and S.S. Katewa. 2013. Traditional veterinary medicines used by livestock owners of Rajasthan, India. Indian J. Tradit. Know., 12(1): 47-55. Available on: https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/15347/1/IJTK%2012(1)%2047-55.pdf
Gautam, S., A. Meshram, S.S. Bhagyawant and N. Srivastava. 2014. Ficus Religiosa-Potential role in Pharmaceuticals. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(5): 1616-1623. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(5).1616-23
Giday, M., Z. Asfaw, Z. Woldu and T. Teklehaymanot. 2009. Medicinal plant knowledge of the bench ethnic group of Ethiopia: An ethnobotanical investigation. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomedicine, 5(1): 34. DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-5-34
Gupta, S. K. and Sharma, A. 2014. Medicinal properties of Zingiber officinale Roscoe - A review. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 9(5): 124-129. DOI: 10.9790/3008-0955124129
Hasan, S. 2014. Pharmacological and medicinal uses of achyranthes aspera. International Journal of Science, Environment, 3(1): 123-129.
Heinrich, M., A. Ankli, B. Frei, C. Weimann and O. Sticher. 1998. Medicinal plants in Mexico: Healers’ consensus and cultural importance. Social Science and Medicine, 47(11): 1859-1871. DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00181-6
Hussain, S.M., A. Khan, A.U. Khan, N.G. Quazi and F. Ali. 2017. Pharmacological basis for medicinal use of Ziziphyus nummularia (Rhamnaceae) leaves in gastrointestinal disorders. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 16(10): 2379-2385. DOI: 10.4314/tjpr.v16i10.10
Hussain, A.I., H.A. Rathore, M.Z. Sattar, S.A. Chatha, S.D. Sarker and A.H. Gilani. 2014. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad (bitter apple fruit): A review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology, traditional uses and nutritional potential. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 155(1): 54-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.011
Idrees, S., R. Qureshi, Y. Bibi, A. Ishfaq, N. Khalid, A. Iftkhar, A. Shabir, I. Riaz and S.N. Ahamad. 2016. Ethnobotanical and biological activities of Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.: A review. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(4): 88-96. DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v13i4.13
Imanirampa, L. and P.E. Alele. 2016. Antifungal activity of Cleome gynandra L. aerial parts for topical treatment of Tinea capitis: An in vitro evaluation. BMC Complem. Altern. M., 16: 194. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1187-9
Jain, P.K. and A. Pandey. 2016. The wonder of Ayurvedic medicine - Nyctanthes arbortristis. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 4(4): 9-14. Available on: https://www.florajournal.com/archives/2016/vol4issue4/PartA/4-5-2-720.pdf
Jamkhande, P.G., S.R. Barde, S.L. Patwekar and P.S. Tidke. 2013. Plant profile, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Cordia dichotoma (Indian cherry): A review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedecine, 3(12): 1009-1012. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60194-X
Jangir, S., K. Mathur, M. Goyal and S.K. Yadav. 2016. A review on Cocculus Pendulus (J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) diels: Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. Indian Journal of Drugs, 4(2): 57-62.
Jatolia, P., S.C. Jingar, S.M. Meena, P. Lawania, H.L. Bugaliya and D. Kumar. 2017. Existing management practices of buffaloes owners in Udaipur district of Rajasthan, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 6(8): 2103-2108. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.250
Joshi, R.K., W.N. Setzer and J. Kelly da Silva. 2017. Phytoconstituents, traditional, medicinal and bioactive uses of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.): A review. American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, 5(1): 18-21. Available on: https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2017/vol6issue2/PartE/6-2-54-731.pdf
Kalia, R.K., M.K. Rai, R. Sharma and R.K. Bhatt. 2014. Understanding Tecomella undulata: An endangered pharmaceutically important timber species of hot arid regions. Genet. Resour. Crop. Ev., 61(7): 1397-1421. DOI: 10.1007/s10722-014-0140-3
Kanu, C.L., O. Owoeye, I.O. Imosemi and A. Malomo. 2017. A review of the multifaceted usefulness of Celosia argentea Linn. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 4(10): 72-79.
Kavina, J., R. Gopi and R. Panneerselvam. 2011. Gloriosa superba Linn - A medicinally important plant. Drug Invention Today, 3(6): 69-71. Available on: http://researchjournal.co.in/upload/assignments/3_72-74.pdf
Khadda, B.S., B. Singh, D.V. Singh, S.K. Singh and C.B. Singh. 2018. Economics of goat farming under traditional system of management in Uttarakhand. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 17(4): 802-806. Available on: https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/45050/1/IJTK%2017%284%29%20802-806.pdf
Khan, I., N.M. AbdElsalam, H. Fouad, A. Tariq, R. Ullah and M. Adnan. 2014. Application of ethnobotanical indices on the use of traditional medicines against common diseases. Evidence- Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 6(3): 537-578. DOI: 10.1155/2014/635371
Khan, S., P. Pandotra, A.K. Quazi, S.A. Lone, M. Muzafar, A.P. Gupta and S. Gupta. 2016. Medicinal and nutritional qualities of Zingiber officinale, p. 525-550. In Watson, R.R. and V.R. Preedy (ed.) Fruits, Vegetables and Herbs-Bioactive Food in Health Promotion, Academic Press.
Khateeb, A.M., S.A. Khandi, P. Kumar, M.S. Bhadwal and R. Jeelani. 2015. Ethno-veterinary practices used for the treatment of animal diseases in Doda district, Jammu & Kashmir. Indian J. Tradit. Know., 14(2): 306-312.
Kishore, K. 2014. Monograph of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Indian Journal of Drugs, 2(1): 5-23.
Kumar, D., K. Kumar, J. Gupta, N. Bishnoi and S. Kumar. 2012. A mini review on chemistry and biology of Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb. Planch (Ulmaceae). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(2): S1200-S1205. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60384-0
Kumar, S., S. Goyal and F. Parveen. 2003. Ethno- medico botany of household remedies of Kolayat tehsil in Bikaner district, Rajasthan. Indian J. Tradit. Know., 2(4): 357-365. Available on: https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/25967/1/IJTK%202(4)%20357-365.pdf
Kuru, P. 2014. Tamarindus indica and its health related effects. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(9): 676-681. DOI: 10.12980/APJTB.4.2014APJTB
Labbaon, L. 2014. Medicinal and pharmacological properties of Turmeric (Curcuma longa): A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science, 5(1): 17-23.
Loomba, S. and V. Jothi. 2013. Cocos Nucifera: Its properties and contributions to dentistry. International Journal of Scientific Study, 1(3): 138-140. Available on: https://www.ijss-sn.com/uploads/2/0/1/5/20153321/short_communication.pdf
Mahendra, P. and S. Bisht. 2012. Ferula asafoetida: Traditional uses and pharmacological activity. Pharmacognosy Review, 6(12): 141-146. DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.99948
Mali, P.Y. and S.S. Panchal. 2017. Euphorbia neriifolia L.: Review on botany, Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med., 10(5): 430-438. DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.05.003
Malviya, S., S. Rawat, A. Kharia and M. Verma. 2011. Medicinal attributes of Acacia nilotica Linn. - A comprehensive review on ethnopharmacological claims. International Journal of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 2(6): 880-837. Available on: https://www.ijplsjournal.com/issues%20PDF%20files/june%202011/9.pdf
Meena, K.L. and B.L. Yadav. 2010. Some ethnomedicine plants of Southern Rajasthan. Indian J. Tradit. Know., 9(1): 169-172. Available on: https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/7178/1/IJTK%209%281%29%20169-172.pdf
Nimbalkar, S.D., D.S. Patil and A.D. Deo. 2020. Ethnoveterinary practices (EVP) for control of ectoparasite in livestock. Indian J. Tradit. Know., 19(2): 401-405. Available on: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a899/b19d89ca73c6f657ee4a56842992ca98a1c4.pdf
Nyeem, M.A.B., M.S. Haque, M. Akramuzzaman, R. Siddika, S. Sultana and B.M. Rabiul Islam. 2017. Euphorbia hirta Linn. A wonderful miracle plant of Mediterranean region: A review. Journal of Medicinal Plant Studies, 5(3): 170-175. Available on: https://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/2017/vol5issue3/PartC/5-2-50-684.pdf
Panara, K., P.K. Singh, P. Rawat, V. Kumar, M. Maruf, K. Patel, R.K. Ravikumar and V. Kumar. 2016. Importance of Alangium salviifolium and its pharmacological update. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 12(4): 1-15. DOI: 10.9734/EJMP/2016/23899
Pandey, A., A. Kaushik, M. Wanjari, Y.N. Dey, B.S. Jaiswal and A. Dhodi. 2017. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Aerva pseudotomentosa leaves. Pharm. Biol., 55(1): 1688-1697. DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1321022
Patil, M.B. and P.A. Khan. 2017. Primary phytochemical studies of Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirven for secondary metabolites. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 8(2): 320-323. DOI: 10.22376/ijpbs.2017.8.2.p320-323
Pawar, A.V., J.S. Patil and S.G. Killedar. 2017. Uses of Cassia Fistula Linn as a medicinal plant. International Journal of Advance Research and Development, 2(3): 85-91. Available on: https://www.ijarnd.com/manuscripts/v2i3/V2I3-1166.pdf
Prabha, L.J. 2015. Therapeutic uses of Vernonia cinerea - A short review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 7(4): 323-325. Available on: https://impactfactor.org/PDF/IJPCR/7/IJPCR,Vol7,Issue4,Article17.pdf
Preeti, P. and R. Sudip. 2019. Ethnoveterinary plants used against different ailments from west nimar region of M.P. India. International Journal of Life Science, 283-288. Available on: https://oaji.net/articles/2020/736-1579611209.pdf
Raja, R.R. and K.V. Kaillasam. 2015. Abutilon indicum L (Malvaceae)-medicinal potential review. Pharmacognosy Journal, 7(6): 330-332. DOI: 10.5530/pj.2015.6.2
Rajakumar, N. and M.B. Shivanna. 2012. Traditional veterinary healthcare practices in Shimoga district of Karnataka, India. Indian J. Tradit. Know., 11(2): 283-287. Available on: https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/13858/1/IJTK%2011%282%29%20283-287.pdf
Rajashekar, V., E.U. Rao and P. Srinivas. 2012. Biological activities and medicinal properties of Gokhru (Pedalium murex L.). Asian Pasific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(7): 581-585. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60101-4
Ram, S., A. Vats and A.K. Sharma. 2016. Ethno-medicinal uses of some plants of Suratgarh tehsil, Sriganganagar (Rajasthan). International Journal of Applied Research, 2(4): 112-115. Available on: https://www.allresearchjournal.com/archives/2016/vol2issue4/PartB/2-3-61.pdf
Ramana, K.V. and G. Vikram. 2015. Aerva Lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult.: A potentially useful medicinal plant. Medicinal Plant Research, 5(4). DOI: 10.5376/mpr.2015.05.0004
Rohilla, R. and M. Garg. 2014. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Tecomella undulata. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 8(1): 1-6. DOI: 10.4103/0973-8258.126811
Sati, H., B. Sati, S. Saklani, P.C. Bhatt and A.P. Mishra. 2011. Phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Aristolochia indica: A review. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2(4): 647-654.
Sharma, N. and P. Kaushik. 2014. Medicinal, biological and pharmacological aspects of Plumbago zeylanica (Linn.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 3(4): 117-120. Available on: https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2014/vol3issue4/PartB/12.1.pdf
Singh, D. and R.K. Singh. 2011. Kair (Capparis decidua): A potential ethnobotanical weather predictor and livelihood security shrub of the arid zone of Rajasthan and Gujarat. Indian J. Tradit. Know., 10(1): 146-155.
Singh, P., J. Singh, S. Singh and B.R. Singh. 2014. Medicinal values of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in human life: An overview. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(6): 265-280. DOI: 10.15580/GJAS.2014.6.031914151
Singh, T.P. and O.M. Singh. 2011. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Zanthoxylum armatum DC. - An overview. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 2(3): 275-285.
Sujarwo, W., A.P. Keim, G. Caneva, C. Toniolo and M. Nicoletti. 2016. Ethnobotanical uses of neem (Azadirachta indica A.Juss.; Meliaceae) leaves in Bali (Indonesia) and the Indian subcontinent in relation with historical background and phytochemical properties. J. Ethnopharmacol., 189: 186-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.014
Tolossa, K., E. Debela, S. Athanasiadou, A. Tolera, G. Ganga and G.M. Houdilk. 2013. Ethno-medicinal study of plants used for treatment of human and livestock ailments by traditional healers in South Omo, Southern Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 9: 32. DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-9-32
Trotter, R.T. and M.H. Logan. 1986. Informants’ consensus: A new approach for identifying potentially effective medicinal plants. p. 91-112. In Etkin, N.L. (ed.) Plants in Indigenous Medicine and Diet. Redgrave, Bedford Hills, New York, USA.
Upadhyay, R.K. 2014. Ethnomedicinal, pharmaceutical and pesticidal uses of Calotropis procera (Aiton) (Family: Asclepiadaceae). International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 8(3): 135-146.
Upadhyay, R.K. 2015. Cleome viscosa Linn: A natural source of pharmaceuticals and pesticides. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 9(2): 71-85. DOI: 10.4103/0973‑8258.155050
Usha, S., C. Rajasekaran and R. Siva. 2016. Ethnoveterinary medicine of the Shervaroy Hills of Eastern Ghats, India as alternative medicine for animals. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 6(1): 118-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.013
Verma, A. and R. Mogra. 2015. Psyllium (Plantago ovata) Husk: A wonder food for good health. International Journal of Science and Research, 4(9): 1581-1585. Available on: https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i9/SUB158459.pdf
Verma, S. 2016. A review on Ziziphus Nummularia: Valuable medicinal plant of desert. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(3): 539-542.
Vijikumar, S., K. Ramanathan and D.B. Parimala. 2011. Cuscuta reflexa ROXB. - A wonderful miracle plant in ethnomedicine. Indian Journal of Natural Sciences, 11(9): 676-683.
Wajid, M., S. Wajid, M.S. Aslam and M.A. Ahmad. 2017. An update review on ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological profile of genus Boerhavia. International Journal Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 6(3). DOI: 10.15406/ijcam.2017.06.00189
Yadav, M. and E. Gupta. 2014. Ethnoveterinary practices by livestock owners in animal fair at Pushkar, Rajasthan, India, International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, 3(4): 1-4. Available on: https://www.isca.me/IJENS/Archive/v3/i4/1.ISCA-IRJEvS-2013-174.pdf
Yadav, M.L. and D.S. Rajput. 2015. Ethno-veterinary practices by tribals of Banswara district of Rajasthan. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 6(3): 237-240. Available on: https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/32678/1/IJNPR%206(3)%20237-240.pdf
Yadav, U.C. and N.Z. Baquer. 2014. Pharmacological effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. in health and disease. Pharm. Biol., 52(2): 243-254. DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.826247
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
.png){kind=logo}
