Efficiency of feed conversion and milk yield in Murrah buffaloes fed with linseed and linseed oil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56825/bufbu.2022.4124119Keywords:
Bubalus bubalis, buffaloes, efficiency, lactating, Murrah buffaloes, linseed, milk production, nutrient intakeAbstract
The present experiment was carried out to study the influence of feeding linseed and linseed oil on feed conversion and milk production efficiency (gross efficiency of milk production and gross protein efficiency) in lactating Murrah buffaloes. For this purpose, 18 lactating Murrah buffaloes were grouped in control (T0), T1 and T2 (06 animals in each) on basis of average live weight (516.55±9.53 kg), milk yield (7.50±0.3 kg), fat percentage in milk (6.70±0.29%) and lactation stage (2 weeks after parturition). Murrah buffaloes in all three groups were fed a same ration, consist of available green fodder, wheat straw and concentrate (69.03:30.97; roughage: concentrate ratio) to fulfill their nutrient requirement for maintenance and milk production of experimental Murrah buffaloes. In the treatment group (T1) 250 g/d linseed oil and 570 g/d whole linseed (T2) was supplemented with basal ration. The experimental feeding to the Murrah buffaloes was started 15 days after parturition and continues for 60 days. However, the experimental data were taken for the period of 6 months (i.e. 180 days). A 7 days digestion trial was conducted at the last of feeding experiment to know the digestibility of nutrient. The milk production, 4% FCM yield, SCM yield, ECM yield, change in body weight, dry matter intake and roughage to concentrate ration didn’t differ significantly between groups. No significant difference was observed in nutrient intake (TDN and CP) between groups. The digestibility of organic nutrient also didn’t differ significantly among experimental groups. The average gross efficiency of milk production was 26.51% and average gross protein efficiency of milk production was 36.49% and didn’t differ significantly. The average feed conversion efficiency as milk yield (kg) / DMI (kg) was 0.61, FCM yield(kg) / DMI (kg) was 0.86, average ECM yield (kg) / DMI (kg) was 0.89 and average SCM yield (kg) / DMI (kg) was 0.85 in lactating Murrah buffaloes. It was concluded that feeding linseed and linseed oil in lactating Murrah buffaloes didn’t affect the milk production efficiency (gross efficiency of milk production and gross protein efficiency) and feed conversion efficiency.
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References
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AOAC. 2012. Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemist, 19th ed., Washington, DC, USA.
Beauchemin, K., S.M. McGinn, C. Benchaar and L. Holtshausen. 2008. Crushed sunflower, flax, or canola seeds in lactating dairy cow diets: Effects on methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci., 92(5): 2118-2127. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1903
Beauchemin, K., T.A. McAllister and S. McGinn. 2009. Dietary mitigation of enteric methane from cattle. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 4(35):1-18. DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR20094035
BAHS. 2019. Livestock Population 20th Livestock Census. Basic Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Statistics, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India, New Delhi, India.
Benchaar, C., P.G.A. Romero, P.Y. Chouinard, F. Hassanat, M. Eugene, H.V. Petit and C. Cortes. 2012. Supplementation of increasing amounts of linseed oil to dairy cows fed total mixed rations: Effects on digestion, ruminal fermentation characteristics, protozoal populations, and milk fatty acid composition. J. Dairy Sci., 95(8): 4578-4590. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5455
Benchaar, C., F. Hassanat, R. Martineau and R. Gervais. 2015. Linseed oil supplementation to dairy cows fed diets based on red clover silage or corn silage: Effects on methane production, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, N balance, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci., 98(11): 7993-8008. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9398
Blake, R.W. and A.A. Custodio. 1984. Feed efficiency: A composite trait of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 67(9): 2075-2083. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81548-9
Bu, D.P., J.Q. Wang, T.R. Dhiman and S.J. Liu. 2007. Effectiveness of oils rich in linoleic and linolenic acids to enhance conjugated linoleic acid in milk from dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 90(2): 998-1007. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71585-0
Castillo, A.R., E. Kebreab, D.E. Beever and J. France. 2000. A review of efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in lactating dairy cows and its relationship with environmental pollution. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 9(1): 1-32. DOI: 10.22358/jafs/68025/2000
Chilliard, Y. 1993. Dietary fat and adipose tissue metabolism in ruminants, pigs, and rodents: A review. J. Dairy Sci., 76(12): 3897-3931. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77730-9
Chung, Y.H., M. He, S. McGinn, T. McAllister and K.A. Beauchemin. 2011. Linseed suppresses enteric methane emissions from cattle fed barley silage, but not from those fed grass hay. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 166-167(23): 321-329. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.022
Crawford, R.J. and W.H. Hoover. 1984. Effects of particle size and formaldehyde treatment of soybean meal on milk production and composition for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 67(9): 1945-1952. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81528-3
Daniel, S.J., Q.Z. Hason, H.N. Pandey and V.N. Murty. 1989. Nutrient utilization of milk products in crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 33: 3-7.
Dhiman, T.R., L.D. Satter, M.W. Pariza, M.P. Galli, K. Albright and M.X. Tolosa. 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. J. Dairy Sci., 83(5): 1016-1027. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74966-6
El-Diahy, Y.M., M.A.A. El-Hamd and M.A. Elshora. 2016. Effect of flaxseed oil supplemention during pre and postpartum on some physiological parameters and productive performance of Friesian cows. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 19(1): 1-15. DOI: 10.21608/EJNF.2016.74859
El-Hamd, M.A., Y.M. El-Diahy, M.M. El-Maghraby and M.A. Elshora. 2015. Effect of flaxseed oil on digestibility, blood parameters, immuno-response and productive performance of suckling Friesian calves. Journal of Animal and Poultry Production, 6(12): 755-765. DOI: 10.21608/jappmu.2015.52963
Eugene, M., D. Masse, J. Chiquette and C. Benchaar. (2008). Meta-analysis on the effects of lipid supplementation on methane production in lactating dairy cows. Canadian Vet. J., 88(2): 331-337.
Galmessa, U., S. Prasad, A. Kumaresan, P.S. Oberoi, R.K. Baithalu, U. Neelam and A.K. Dang. 2015. Modulation of milk fatty acid profile, milk yield and composition through supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid in transition cow’s diet. Journal of Science and Sustainable Development, 3(1): 25-38. Available on: https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/60645/1/UlfinaGalmessaetal.2015_JSSD.pdf
Huhtanen, P., J.I. Nousiainen, M. Rinne, K. Kytola and H. Khalili. 2008. Utilization and partition of dietary nitrogen in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets. J. Dairy Sci., 91(9): 3589-3599. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1181
Jumah, H.F., B.R. Poulton and W.P. Apgar. 1965. Energy and protein utilization during lactation. J. Dairy Sci., 48(9): 1210-1214. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(65)88429-6
Kawalkar, V.N. and B.R. Patle. 1978. Utilization of nutrients from complete rations by cross-bred (Holstein x Tharparkar) lactating cows. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 48(4): 251-254.
Kholif, S.M., T.A. Morsy, A.A. Abedo, N. El-Bordeny and M.M. Abdo. 2011. Milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, nutrients digestibility and blood composition of dairy buffaloes fed crushed flaxseed in early lactation. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 14(3): 409-418.
Kirchgessner, M., W. Windisch and F.X. Roth. 1994. The efficiency of nitrogen conversion in animal nutrition. Nova Act. LC., 70: 393- 412.
Krishnamohan, D.V.G., R.C. Katiyar, S.K. Ranjhan and P.N. Bhatt. 1975. Efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy and nitrogen for milk production in exotic and cross bred cows fed on different roughages. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 45: 521-524.
Lunsin, R., M. Wanapat and P. Rowlinson. 2012. Effect of cassava hay and rice bran oil supplementation on rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Asian Austral. J. Anim., 25(10): 1364-1373. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12051
McDonald, P., R.A. Edwards and J.F.D. Greenhalgh. 2002. Animal Nutrition, 6th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, England. 543p.
Petit, H.V., R.J. Dewhurst, J.G. Proulx, M. Khalid, W. Haresign and H. Twagiramungu. 2001. Milk production, milk composition and reproductive function of dairy cows fed different fats. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 81: 263-271. DOI: 10.4141/A00-096
Petit, H.V. 2003. Digestion, milk production, milk composition, and blood composition of dairy cows fed formaldehyde treated flaxseed or sunflower seed. J. Dairy Sci., 86(8): 2637-2646. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73859-4
Ramteke, P.V. 2012. Effect of feeding bypass fat prepartum and during early lactation on productive and reproductive performance of buffaloes. M.V.Sc. Thesis, (Animal Nutrition), Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India.
Rice, V.A., F.N. Andrew, E.J. Warnick and J.E. Legates. 1970. Breeding and Improvement of Farm Animals, 6th ed. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Co., Bombay, India.
Robinson, P.H. and L.J. Erasmus. 2010. Feed efficiency and lactating cows: Expressing and interpreting it, p. 289-295. In The 31st West Nutrition Conference on Challenging Conventional Nutrition Dogma. Animal Nutrition Association, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Ottawa, Canada.
Sankhpal, S.S., R.S. Gupta, S. Parnerkar and A.J. Dhami. 2009. Effect of supplementation of bypass fat on feed intake and digestibility of nutrient in lactating crossbred cows. In Proceedings of Animal Nutrition Association World Conference, New Delhi, India. p. 69.
Sehgal, J.P., A. Dey and S. Kant. 2018. Developing feeding module for increasing milk production in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Buffalo Bull., 37(1): 45-50. Available on: https://kuojs.lib.ku.ac.th/index.php/BufBu/article/view/80/325
Shah, D., R.S. Gupta, R.P.S. Baghel and A. Khare. 2012. Efficiency of utilization of dietary energy for milk production in lactating crossbred cattle (Bos indicus). Veterinary Research Forum, 3(3): 213-216.
Sharma, P., R.S. Gupta and R.P.S. Baghel. 2007. Efficiency of utilization of dietary energy for milk production in lactating Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Buffalo Bull., 26(4): 138-143.
Shelke, S.K. and S.S. Thakur. 2011. Economics of feeding rumen protected fat and protein to lactating Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 28(3): 278-282.
Snedecor, G.W. and W.G. Cochran. 1994. Statistical Methods, 8th ed. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Kolkata, India.
Tewatia, B.S., V.S. Panwar and D.S. Dahiya. 2014. Effect of feeding linseed and linseed meal on milk production and fatty acids profile of milk fat in Sahiwal cows. Haryana Veterinarian, 53(2): 92-95. Available on: https://www.luvas.edu.in/haryana-veterinarian/download/harvet-Dec2014/4.pdf
Tyrrell, H.F. and J.T. Reid. 1965. Prediction of the energy value of cow’s milk. J. Dairy Sci., 48(9): 1215-1223. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(65)88430-2
Ueda, K., A. Ferlay, J. Chabrot, J.J. Loor, Y. Chilliard and M. Doreau. 2003. Effect of linseed oil supplementation on ruminal digestion in dairy cows fed diets with different forage: Concentrate ratios. J. Dairy Sci., 86(12): 3999-4007. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)74011-9
Yan, T., J.P. Frost, R.E. Agnew, R.C. Binnie and C.S. Mayn. 2006. Relationships among manure nitrogen output and dietary and animal factors in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 89: 3981-3991. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72441-9
Zamani, P. 2005. Different measures of energetic efficiency of lactation and estimation of their genetic parameters in Holstein dairy cattle. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, Iran.
Agustinho, B.C., L.M. Zeoula, N.W. Santos, E. Machado, E.H. Yoshimura, J.C.R. Ribas, J.M. Bragatto, M.R. Stemposki, V.J. dos Santos and A.P. Faciola. 2020. Effects of flaxseed oil and vitamin E supplementation on digestibility and milk fatty composition and antioxidant capacity in water buffaloes. Animals, 10(8): 1-13. DOI: 10.3390/ani10081294
AOAC. 2012. Official Methods of Analysis, Association of Official Analytical Chemist, 19th ed., Washington, DC, USA.
Beauchemin, K., S.M. McGinn, C. Benchaar and L. Holtshausen. 2008. Crushed sunflower, flax, or canola seeds in lactating dairy cow diets: Effects on methane production, rumen fermentation, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci., 92(5): 2118-2127. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1903
Beauchemin, K., T.A. McAllister and S. McGinn. 2009. Dietary mitigation of enteric methane from cattle. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 4(35):1-18. DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR20094035
BAHS. 2019. Livestock Population 20th Livestock Census. Basic Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Statistics, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of India, New Delhi, India.
Benchaar, C., P.G.A. Romero, P.Y. Chouinard, F. Hassanat, M. Eugene, H.V. Petit and C. Cortes. 2012. Supplementation of increasing amounts of linseed oil to dairy cows fed total mixed rations: Effects on digestion, ruminal fermentation characteristics, protozoal populations, and milk fatty acid composition. J. Dairy Sci., 95(8): 4578-4590. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5455
Benchaar, C., F. Hassanat, R. Martineau and R. Gervais. 2015. Linseed oil supplementation to dairy cows fed diets based on red clover silage or corn silage: Effects on methane production, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, N balance, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci., 98(11): 7993-8008. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9398
Blake, R.W. and A.A. Custodio. 1984. Feed efficiency: A composite trait of dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 67(9): 2075-2083. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81548-9
Bu, D.P., J.Q. Wang, T.R. Dhiman and S.J. Liu. 2007. Effectiveness of oils rich in linoleic and linolenic acids to enhance conjugated linoleic acid in milk from dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 90(2): 998-1007. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71585-0
Castillo, A.R., E. Kebreab, D.E. Beever and J. France. 2000. A review of efficiency of nitrogen utilisation in lactating dairy cows and its relationship with environmental pollution. J. Anim. Feed Sci., 9(1): 1-32. DOI: 10.22358/jafs/68025/2000
Chilliard, Y. 1993. Dietary fat and adipose tissue metabolism in ruminants, pigs, and rodents: A review. J. Dairy Sci., 76(12): 3897-3931. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77730-9
Chung, Y.H., M. He, S. McGinn, T. McAllister and K.A. Beauchemin. 2011. Linseed suppresses enteric methane emissions from cattle fed barley silage, but not from those fed grass hay. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 166-167(23): 321-329. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.022
Crawford, R.J. and W.H. Hoover. 1984. Effects of particle size and formaldehyde treatment of soybean meal on milk production and composition for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 67(9): 1945-1952. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81528-3
Daniel, S.J., Q.Z. Hason, H.N. Pandey and V.N. Murty. 1989. Nutrient utilization of milk products in crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 33: 3-7.
Dhiman, T.R., L.D. Satter, M.W. Pariza, M.P. Galli, K. Albright and M.X. Tolosa. 2000. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milk from cows offered diets rich in linoleic and linolenic acid. J. Dairy Sci., 83(5): 1016-1027. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74966-6
El-Diahy, Y.M., M.A.A. El-Hamd and M.A. Elshora. 2016. Effect of flaxseed oil supplemention during pre and postpartum on some physiological parameters and productive performance of Friesian cows. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 19(1): 1-15. DOI: 10.21608/EJNF.2016.74859
El-Hamd, M.A., Y.M. El-Diahy, M.M. El-Maghraby and M.A. Elshora. 2015. Effect of flaxseed oil on digestibility, blood parameters, immuno-response and productive performance of suckling Friesian calves. Journal of Animal and Poultry Production, 6(12): 755-765. DOI: 10.21608/jappmu.2015.52963
Eugene, M., D. Masse, J. Chiquette and C. Benchaar. (2008). Meta-analysis on the effects of lipid supplementation on methane production in lactating dairy cows. Canadian Vet. J., 88(2): 331-337.
Galmessa, U., S. Prasad, A. Kumaresan, P.S. Oberoi, R.K. Baithalu, U. Neelam and A.K. Dang. 2015. Modulation of milk fatty acid profile, milk yield and composition through supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid in transition cow’s diet. Journal of Science and Sustainable Development, 3(1): 25-38. Available on: https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/60645/1/UlfinaGalmessaetal.2015_JSSD.pdf
Huhtanen, P., J.I. Nousiainen, M. Rinne, K. Kytola and H. Khalili. 2008. Utilization and partition of dietary nitrogen in dairy cows fed grass silage-based diets. J. Dairy Sci., 91(9): 3589-3599. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1181
Jumah, H.F., B.R. Poulton and W.P. Apgar. 1965. Energy and protein utilization during lactation. J. Dairy Sci., 48(9): 1210-1214. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(65)88429-6
Kawalkar, V.N. and B.R. Patle. 1978. Utilization of nutrients from complete rations by cross-bred (Holstein x Tharparkar) lactating cows. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 48(4): 251-254.
Kholif, S.M., T.A. Morsy, A.A. Abedo, N. El-Bordeny and M.M. Abdo. 2011. Milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, nutrients digestibility and blood composition of dairy buffaloes fed crushed flaxseed in early lactation. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 14(3): 409-418.
Kirchgessner, M., W. Windisch and F.X. Roth. 1994. The efficiency of nitrogen conversion in animal nutrition. Nova Act. LC., 70: 393- 412.
Krishnamohan, D.V.G., R.C. Katiyar, S.K. Ranjhan and P.N. Bhatt. 1975. Efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy and nitrogen for milk production in exotic and cross bred cows fed on different roughages. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 45: 521-524.
Lunsin, R., M. Wanapat and P. Rowlinson. 2012. Effect of cassava hay and rice bran oil supplementation on rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Asian Austral. J. Anim., 25(10): 1364-1373. DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12051
McDonald, P., R.A. Edwards and J.F.D. Greenhalgh. 2002. Animal Nutrition, 6th ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, England. 543p.
Petit, H.V., R.J. Dewhurst, J.G. Proulx, M. Khalid, W. Haresign and H. Twagiramungu. 2001. Milk production, milk composition and reproductive function of dairy cows fed different fats. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 81: 263-271. DOI: 10.4141/A00-096
Petit, H.V. 2003. Digestion, milk production, milk composition, and blood composition of dairy cows fed formaldehyde treated flaxseed or sunflower seed. J. Dairy Sci., 86(8): 2637-2646. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73859-4
Ramteke, P.V. 2012. Effect of feeding bypass fat prepartum and during early lactation on productive and reproductive performance of buffaloes. M.V.Sc. Thesis, (Animal Nutrition), Anand Agricultural University, Anand, India.
Rice, V.A., F.N. Andrew, E.J. Warnick and J.E. Legates. 1970. Breeding and Improvement of Farm Animals, 6th ed. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Co., Bombay, India.
Robinson, P.H. and L.J. Erasmus. 2010. Feed efficiency and lactating cows: Expressing and interpreting it, p. 289-295. In The 31st West Nutrition Conference on Challenging Conventional Nutrition Dogma. Animal Nutrition Association, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Ottawa, Canada.
Sankhpal, S.S., R.S. Gupta, S. Parnerkar and A.J. Dhami. 2009. Effect of supplementation of bypass fat on feed intake and digestibility of nutrient in lactating crossbred cows. In Proceedings of Animal Nutrition Association World Conference, New Delhi, India. p. 69.
Sehgal, J.P., A. Dey and S. Kant. 2018. Developing feeding module for increasing milk production in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Buffalo Bull., 37(1): 45-50. Available on: https://kuojs.lib.ku.ac.th/index.php/BufBu/article/view/80/325
Shah, D., R.S. Gupta, R.P.S. Baghel and A. Khare. 2012. Efficiency of utilization of dietary energy for milk production in lactating crossbred cattle (Bos indicus). Veterinary Research Forum, 3(3): 213-216.
Sharma, P., R.S. Gupta and R.P.S. Baghel. 2007. Efficiency of utilization of dietary energy for milk production in lactating Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Buffalo Bull., 26(4): 138-143.
Shelke, S.K. and S.S. Thakur. 2011. Economics of feeding rumen protected fat and protein to lactating Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 28(3): 278-282.
Snedecor, G.W. and W.G. Cochran. 1994. Statistical Methods, 8th ed. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Kolkata, India.
Tewatia, B.S., V.S. Panwar and D.S. Dahiya. 2014. Effect of feeding linseed and linseed meal on milk production and fatty acids profile of milk fat in Sahiwal cows. Haryana Veterinarian, 53(2): 92-95. Available on: https://www.luvas.edu.in/haryana-veterinarian/download/harvet-Dec2014/4.pdf
Tyrrell, H.F. and J.T. Reid. 1965. Prediction of the energy value of cow’s milk. J. Dairy Sci., 48(9): 1215-1223. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(65)88430-2
Ueda, K., A. Ferlay, J. Chabrot, J.J. Loor, Y. Chilliard and M. Doreau. 2003. Effect of linseed oil supplementation on ruminal digestion in dairy cows fed diets with different forage: Concentrate ratios. J. Dairy Sci., 86(12): 3999-4007. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)74011-9
Yan, T., J.P. Frost, R.E. Agnew, R.C. Binnie and C.S. Mayn. 2006. Relationships among manure nitrogen output and dietary and animal factors in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 89: 3981-3991. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72441-9
Zamani, P. 2005. Different measures of energetic efficiency of lactation and estimation of their genetic parameters in Holstein dairy cattle. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, Iran.
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2022-06-26
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Sharma, P., Nayak, S., Tiwari, S. P., Khare, A., Shukla, S., & Nayak, A. (2022). Efficiency of feed conversion and milk yield in Murrah buffaloes fed with linseed and linseed oil. Buffalo Bulletin, 41(2), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.56825/bufbu.2022.4124119
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